XXVl. ROSA‘CEE: PY‘RUS. 429 
colour; and that of the cultivated apple tree is said to be of astill finer and closer 
grain, which is a result of cultivation contrary to what is usual. The weight 
of the wood of the apple tree varies much according to the locality in which 
it is grown, Ina green state, it weighs from 48 lb. to 66 lb. per cubic foot; 
and it loses from an eighth to a twelfth of its bulk in drying, and about a tenth 
of its weight. The wood of the cultivated tree weighs heavier than that of 
the wild tree, in the proportion of about 66 to 45. The tree, as an object in 
landscape scenery, cannot be recommended as harmonising well with other 
forms ; but, as it has a character of its own, and as the fruit is of the greatest 
use to the poor, as well as to the rich, it deserves introduction into every 
hedgerow and every orchard. For hedgerows, it is more especially desirable, 
as, though not so fastigiate as the pear, it does very little injury to the crops 
by its shade; and it may be added, that, in nurseries and market-gardens, the 
former more especially, young trees of almost every kind thrive under the 
shade both of the apple and the pear, The crab is used as a stock for the cul- 
tivated apple, and for all the other species and varieties of this division of the 
genus ; but, as we have before observed, it will not serve as a stock for the 
pear, or any of the plants included in that or the other divisions of Pyrus. 
In France, and also in some parts of Germany, the thorny wild apple, or crab, 
is formed into live hedges, the branches of which, according to Agricola, are 
inarched into each other, in order to give them more strength to resist cattle. 
The fruit of the crab, in the forests of France, is a great resource for the 
wild boar; and it is also given in that country to swine and cows. A drink 
of it, called boisson, is made in some parts of France, as well as in England ; 
and yerjuice is a well-known description of vinegar produced from the most 
austere of the fruit, The bark affords.a yellow dye ; and the leaves are eaten 
by horses, cows, sheep, and goats. Pomatum, according to Gerard, was so 
called from its being anciently made of the pulp of apples beaten up with 
“ swine’s grease” (lard) and rose-water. The uses of the apple as an eatable 
fruit are very numerous, and well known. The apple, as a fruit tree, will do 
no good, except in a fertile soil and a sheltered situation. All the best apple 
orchards of England, and more especially those of the cider districts, it has 
been observed by geologists, follow the tract of red sandstone, which stretches 
across the island from Dorsetshire to Yorkshire. It has been observed in 
Treland (see Dublin’ Soc. Trans.), that the best orchards there are on lime- 
stone gravel; and, in Scotland, that the few orchards which are to be found 
in that country are on soils more or less calcareous. On the Continent, the 
two districts most famous for apple trees are Normandy and the Vale of 
Stuttgard ; and the subsoil, in both countries, is well known to be limestone. 
Tn short, every kind of fruit, to be brought to perfection, requires a soil more 
or less calcareous. 
The propagation and culture of the apple are the same as those of the 
pear tree. Wild crabs, like wild pears, are gathered when they are fully ripe, 
and either laid ina heap to rot, or passed between fluted rollers, and the 
crushed fruit pressed for the juice, which is made into an inferior kind of cider 
or perry, and the seeds are afterwards separated from the pomace by macer- 
ation in water and sifting. The apple, like the pear, may be grafted on the 
common thorn; but it does not form nearly so desirable a tree on that stock 
as the pear does, and therefore crab stocks are always to be preferred. As 
a fruit tree, where it is intended to be grown as a dwarf, the paradise stock 
effects for it what the quince does for the pear, and the Cérasus Mahaleb for 
the cherry. (See Encyc. of Gard., edit. 1835.) 
£2 18. P.corona‘ria L. The garland-flowering Apple Tree. 
Identification. Lin. Sp., 687.; Dec. Prod., 2. p. 635. ; Don’s Mill., 2. p. 647. 
Synonymes. Malus coronaria Mill.; Crab Apple, the sweet-scented Crab, Amer. 
ngravings. N. Du Ham., 6. pl. 44. f.1.; Bot. Mag., t. 2009.; Michx. Arb., 2. t.65.; the plate in 
rb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vi. ; and our fig. 777. 
Spec. Char. Sc. Leaves broadly ovate, rounded at the base, subangulate, 
serrated, smooth. Peduncles in corymbs, glabrous. Flowers odorous, 
