502 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM. 
Mill.) A smooth’ deciduous shrub or low tree. North America, from 
Canada to Carolina, in shady woods on river banks. Height 15 ft. to 20 ft. 
Introduced in 1760. Flowers white; May to July. Fruit purple ; ripe 
in October. Decaying leaves reddish yellow. Naked young wood green- 
ish or reddish brown. 
This species is easily known from every other, even at a distance, by the 
horizontal umbelliferous character assumed by the branches, which are also 
dichotomous, with clusters of leaves at the joints ; and the general colour 
is that of a lively green. The leaves are generally alternate, but not unfre- 
quently opposite. 
B. Leaves opposite. 
& 2. C.sancur/nga L. The blood-red-leaved, or common, Dogwood. 
Identification. Lin. Sp., p.171.; Don’s Mill., 3. p. 399.; Lodd. Cat., edit. 1836. 
Synonymes. C. foe’mina Raii Syn. 460.3 Virga sanguinea Maitth. Falgr. 1. p. 236.; Female Cor- 
nel, Dogberry Tree, Hound Tree, Hound’s-berry Tree, Prickwood, Gaten or Gatten Tree, Gater 
or Gatter Tree, Catteridge Tree, wild Cornel ; Cornouiller sauvage, sanguin, or femelle, Puine 
or Bois punais, Fr. ; rother Hartriegel, Ger. ; Sanguinello, Ital, 
Derivation. This species is called fce’mina, and Female Cornel, because it bears fruit when very 
young ; whereas Cornus mAs produces male blossoms only till the tree is 15 or 20 years old. Virga 
sanguinea is literally the bloody twig, alluding to the colour of the shoots, though they are not 
nearly so red as those of Cérnus 4lba. The names of Dogberry Tree, Hound Tree, &c., arise 
from the same source as Dogwood. (See above.) Prickwood alludes to the use of the wood for 
skewers ; Gaten Tree is a corruption of Gatr treow, the Saxon name for this species; or, as 
some suppose, it is derived from gayta, the Spanish word for a pipe, the wood of this tree being 
more hollow, or full of pith, than that of C. més. Catteridge, and all the other somewhat similar 
names, are derived from Gaten. Chaucer calls the fruit Gaitres berries, evidently from the same 
origin. The French names of Puine, and Bois punais, bug-wood, are from the strong and un-: 
pleasant smell of the bark and leaves; and also because a decoction of them forms a wash to 
destroy bugs. Rother Hartriegel signifies red hard rail, or red hard wood. 
Engravings. Eng. Bot., t. 249.; Fl. Dan.,t. 481.; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 44. ; and our jig. 913. 
Spec. Char., $c. Bracteas straight. Leaves ovate, acute, 
smooth and green on both surfaces. Corymbs flat. 
Branches of a dark red when full grown. Leaves 2 
to 3in. long. Flowers greenish white, unpleasantly 
scented. Petals revolute at the sides. Fruit dark 
purple, and very bitter. (Don’s Mill.) A large shrub. 
Europe and the North of Africa, in hedges and thickets, 
especially on a chalk and limestone soil; plentiful in 
Britain, in like situations ; and also said to grow in 
North America, near the lakes of Canada and near 
New York; but it has probably been introduced 
there. Height 4 ft. to 15 ft. Flowers white; June. : 
Fruit dark purple; ripe in August and September. 913. ¢. 
Decaying leaves deep red. Naked young wood green. 
Varieties. 
& C. s. 2 Purshii Don's Mill. 3. p.399.; C. sanguinea Pursh, Schmidt 
Baum. 2. t. 66.; has the flowers with yellow anthers, and the 
berries a dark brown. Lakes of Canada, and near New York; and 
only differs from the C, sanguinea of Europe in having the leaves 
pubescent, and in being of larger. stature. 
x C. s, 3 folits variegatis Lodd. Cat. has the leaves variegated with white 
and yellow, and occasional streaks of red. A plant lately received 
into Messrs. Loddiges’s collection, named C. candidissima fol. var., 
appears, from the leaves, to be identical with this variety. C. can- 
didissinia, in the same collection, appears from its leaves to be 
nothing more than C, sanguinea. : 
Zo 
sanguinea. 
One of the commonest shrubs in old shrubberies ; and easily known from 
all the other kinds of Cérnus by the abundance of its dark purple fruit, and 
the intensely dark red of its leaves before they drop off in autumn. It is from 
this last circumstance, we suppose, that the specific name of sanguinea has 
been given to it, though it is much more obviously applicable to C. alba, on 
account of the redness of its shoots. C. purpurea would be a much better 
