LXVI. ULMA‘CEA: U’/LMUS. 715 
U’umus LZ. Flowers polygamous. Fruit a samara. 
Pua NERA Gmelin. Flowers polygamous. Fruit dry. 
Ce’Lris Tourn. Flowers polygamous. Fruit a drupe. 
Genus I. 
U’LMUS L. Tue Eto. Lin. Syst. Pentandria Digvitia. 
Identification. Lin. Gen., 123.; Sm. Engl. Fl., 2. p. 1, 2. and 19. 
Synonymes. Orme, Fr.; Ulm, or Riister, Ger. ; Olmo, Ital. 
Derivati _ U’\mus is supposed to be derived from the Saxon word elm, or ulm; a name which is 
applied, with very slight alterations, to this tree, in all the dialects of the Celtic tongue. Ulm is 
still one of the German names for the elm ; and the city of Ulm is said to derive its name from 
the great number of elm trees that are growing near it. There are above forty places in England 
mentioned in the Doomsday-Book, which take their names from that of the elm; such as Barn 
Elms, Nine Elms, &c. 
Gen. Char., §c. Flowers in lateral groups, proceeding from peculiar buds, 
and protruded before the leaves ; bisexual; monecious. Calyx reddish, 
distinct from the ovary, top-shaped or bell-shaped, of one piece, but having 
5 or 4—8 segments, which imbricate in estivation; remaining until the 
fruit falls, Stamens as many as the segments. Style short or wanting. 
Stigmas 2, acuminate. Fruit a samara, with a membranous wing. (G. Don.) 
Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; serrate, feather-nerved, 
harsh to the touch, generally unequal at the base. Flowers small, whitish 
or reddish. Decaying leaves rich yellow.— Trees, deciduous ; natives of 
Europe, Asia, and North America. The species are propagated by seeds, 
and the varieties by grafting. 
The elm is remarkable for the aptitude of the different species to vary from 
seed ; so much so that it is extremely difficult to say, in this genus, which are 
species and which are varieties ; or even to what species the varieties belong. 
To us it appears, tbat there are only two British sorts which are truly distinct ; 
viz. U. campéstris and U. montana. U. americana, and, perhaps, some 
other of the American species may also be distinct. Great attention has been 
paid to this genus by Mr. Masters of Canterbury, who has raised many sorts, 
both from American and European seeds, and whose collection will be found 
described in the Ist edition of this work, and in the Gard. Mag. vol. xiii. 
p. 28. U. glabra and U. major seem intermediate between U. campéstris 
and U. montana. U. effisa appears very distinct; but is probably only a 
variety of U.campéstris. Of all the numerous varieties which may be pro- 
cured in British nurseries, the best kinds for cultivation for their timber 
appear to be, the Huntingdon elm (U. m. glabra vegéta), and the Wych elm 
(U. montana) ; and for ornament the weeping elm (U. montana péndula), 
the sub-evergreen elm (U. campéstris virens), and the twiggy elm (U. cam- 
péstris viminalis). The sucker-bearing elms are chiefly the varieties of U. 
campéstris, and these seldom produce seeds; but U. montana, and OG. m. 
glabra, and their varieties, which never throw up suckers, produce seeds in the 
greatest abundance every year. U. campéstris does indeed produce seeds 
occasionally, though rarely, in England ;'and the U. v. viminalis is a British 
seedling, raised by Mr. Masters. In France, U. campéstris ripens seeds 
much more freely, and these have given rise, in that country, to innumerable 
varieties. The whole genus, it will readily be conceived, is in a state of great 
confusion. See Arb. Brit., 1st edit., p. 1409. ; 
¢ 1. U.campe’stris L. The English, field, or common small-leaved, Elm. 
Identification. Lin. Sp. Pl., 327.; Sm. Engl. Fl., 2. p. 20. : 
ee U‘\mus Teinia Puny Nat. Hist. lib. 16. cap. 17. and lib. 17, cap. 11.; U. minor, folio 
to scabro, Ger. Emac. 1480. f.; Olmo pyramidale, Ital. \ 
Engravings: Engl. Bot., t. 1886. ; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 42.; the plates in Arb. Brit., Ist edit., vol. vil. 
and our fig. 1394. 
