718 ARBORETUM ET FRUTICETUM BRITANNICUM. 
exposed to sun or weather. The great use of the 
English elm, however, in ship-building, is for 
keels. In light land, especially if it be rich, the 
growth of the tree is very rapid; but its wood 
is light, porous, and of little value compared with 
that grown upon strong land, which is of a closer 
stronger texture, and at the heart will have the 
colour, and almost the hardness and heaviness, of 
iron. The common elm produces abundance of 
suckers from the roots, both near and at a great 
distance from the stem ; and throughout Europe 
these afford the most ready mode of propagation, 
and that which appears to have been most gene- 
rally adopted till the establishment of regular 
commercial nurseries ; the suckers being procured 
from the roots of grown up trees, in hedgerows, 
parks, or plantations. In Britain, the present 
mode of propagation is by layers from stools, or 
by grafting on the U. montana. The layers are 
made in autumn, or in the course of the winter, 
and are rooted, or fit to be taken off, in a year. 
Grafting is generally performed in the whip or splice manner, close to the 
root, in the spring; and the plants make shoots of 3 or 4 feet in length the 
same year. Budding is sometimes performed, but less frequently. The great 
advantage of grafting is, that the plants never throw up suckers, unless 
indeed the graft is buried in the soil, The tree bears the knife better than 
most others, and is not very injurious to grass growing under it. The leaves 
are eaten by most kinds of cattle. 
4 2. U.(c.) supero'sa Moench. The Cork-barked Elm. 
Identification. Ehr. Arb., 142. ; Willd. Sp. Pl., p. 1324.; Engl. Fl., 2. p. 21. 
Synonymes. U.campéstris Woody. Med. Bot. t.197.; U. campéstris and Theophrést? Du Ham. 
Arb. 2. p. 367. t. 108.; U. vulgatissima folio lato scabra Ger. Emac. 1480. f.; U. montana Carn. 
rae 7055 upper fig.; common Elm Tree, Hunt. Evel. Syl. p.119.; Orme Liége, l’Orme 
Bngravings. Eng. Bot., t. 2161. ; Du Ham. Arb., 2. t. 108.; the plate in Arb. Brit., Ist edit., vol. 
vii, ; and our jig. 1395. 
Spec. Char., 5c. Leaves pointed, rough, doubly 
and sharply serrated. Flowers stalked, 4—5- 
cleft. Samara almost orbicular, deeply 
cloven, glabrous. Branches spreading ; their 
bark corky. (Smith.) A deciduous tree, 
taller and more spreading than the common 
English elm. England. Height 60 ft. to 80 ft., 
and sometimes 100 ft. Flowers and samara 
as in the preceding kind. 
Varieties. 
¥ U. (c.) s. 1 vulgaris, U. suberdsa Hort. 
Dur. ; the Dutch cork-barked Elm.— 
This, except the American elm and 
the Canterbury seedling (U. montana 
major glabra), is the quickest-growing 
of any that Mr. Masters cultivates. It 1395. U. (c.) suberdsa. 
is, moreover, valuable on account of its 
growing well upon the Kentish chalks; and it keeps its leaf till late 
in the autumn. It is a tree of large growth. Many of the elms at 
Windsor are of this kind. 
¥ U.(c.) s. 2 foliis variegatis Lodd. Cat. ed. 1836. U. suberdsa variegita 
Hort. Dur, — Precisely like the last, except in its variegation. 
¥ U. (c.) s. 3 dba. U. suberésa Alba Masters.— A low tree, of more 
1394. U. campéstris. 
