1026 ARBORETUM E:T FRUTICELUM BRITANNICUM. 
Leaves simple, 2-rowed, exstipulate, evergreen; linear. Flowers in cat- 
kins, the males yellowish.— Trees evergreen; natives of Europe, Asia, and 
America ; remarkable for their tall, erect, pyramidal forms, and profusion 
of foliage. One or more species are useful, and the rest ornamental. In 
Britain, they flower in May and June, and ripen their cones in the spring of 
the following year. All the species bear seeds at a comparatively early age ; 
and all of them may be readily propagated by cuttings taken off in the 
spring, according to Dumont De Courset ; or in autumn, according to the 
practice of British gardeners. All the species hitherto introduced are quite 
hardy in British gardens. 
Our arrangement of the species in British gardens is as under : — 
§ i. Leaves tetragonal, awl-shaped, scattered in insertion. 
A. Natives of Europe and the Caucasus. 
1. excélsa. 2. orientalis. 3. obovata. 
B. Natives of North America. 
4, alba. 5. nigra. 6. (n.) rubra. 
C. Native of Nepal. 7. Khutrow. 
ii. Leaves flat, generaily glaucous beneath, imperfectly 2-rowed. 
y P y 
D. Natives of North America. 
8. Douglasii. 9. Menziési. 10. canadénsis. 
E. Native of Nepal. 11. dumosa. 
i. Leaves tetragonal, awl-shaped, scattered in insertion. 
ig ip 
A. Natives of Europe and the Caucasus. 
f 1. A. exce’Lsa Dec. The lofty, or Norway, Spruce Fir. 
Identification. Dec. FI. Fr., 3.; Poir. Dict. Encyc., 6. p. 518.; N. Du Ham.. 6. p. 289. 
Synonymes. A. comminis Hort. ; A‘bies Picea Mill. Dict. No.2.; Pinus Abies Lin. Sp. Pl. 1421.5 
P. Picea Du Roi Harbk. ed. Pott., 2. p. 156.; P. excélsa Lam. Fl. Fr. ed. 1. 2. p. 202.: Picea 
vulgaris Link in Abhand. p. 180.; common Spruce, Prussian Fir; faux Sapin, E’picea, Sapin- 
Pesse, Serente, Sapin gentil, Pinesse, Fr.; Lafie, ix the Vosges; gemeine rothe Tanne, gemeine 
fichte, Ger. ; Pezzo, Abete di Germania, or di Norvegia, Ztad. 
Engravings. Lamb. Pin., ed. 2.,1. t.35.; N. Du Ham., 6. t. 80.3 the plates of this tree in Arb. 
Brit., Ist edit., vol. viii. ; and our %g. 1923. 
Spec. Char.,§c. Leaves scattered, quadrangular. Cones cylindrical, terminal, 
pendent ; scales naked, truncate at the summit, flat. Crest of the anthers 
rounded. (Lois.) Cone from 5in. to 7in. long, and from 14 in. to 2 in. 
broad ; scale from 1 in. to 12 in. long, and from 4 in. to 2in. broad. Seed 
very small, scarcely } in. long, and 4, in. broad ; with the wing, 2 in. long, 
and in. broad. Cotyledons 7 to 9. A lofty tree. North of Europe, 
more particularly Norway. Height 80 ft. to 100 ft. Cultivated since 1548. 
It flowers in May ; its cones are ripened in the spring of the following year, 
soon after which they commence shedding their seeds. 
Varieties. 
f A. e. 1 communis, The common Spruce, or White Fir of Norway.— 
The foliage is shorter, more slender, and lighter-coloured, than in 
the following form ; though the difference may be in part owing to 
soil and situation. 
f A. e. 2 nigra, The black-leaved Spruce, or Red Fir of Norway. — 
There is a tree in Studley Park, known there as the black spruce, of 
which a portrait is given in Ard. Brit., Ist edit., vol. viii. In the 
foliage, it answers to the description given of the red fir of Norway ; 
its leaves being very thick, strong, and dark-coloured ; its bark red; 
and its cones longer than those of the common spruce. The leaves, 
in the specimen sent to us, are 13 in. in length ; and the cones from 
53 in. to 6 in. long, and from 1} in. to 13 in. broad. The scales (see 
