374 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 214 
sun-scald the effect of freezing is to form an ice layer and thus separate the bark 
or inthe case of many water gorged cells to kill the sap layer. For further 
discussion in this line see winter injury. 
Storage Rots. These rots of the apple are extremely various since apples 
infected before storage are liable to develop during storage the forms of rot due 
to that infection. Even bitter-rot may not be overlooked in this way and much 
more commonly still, black-rot and the rots which develop from the gradual 
invasion of molds. It is found, futhermore, that bruises upon the apple or any 
tendency to sun scald phenomona give dead tissues in which various saprophytic 
organisms that normally hasten decay will do their work with rapidity. It is 
understood, of course, that the temperatures of storage will regulate or control 
more or less perfectly the rate of this development. Storage scalding of apples 
is much worse in some varieties, notably in York Imperial than in the normal 
toughened skin types. At present one can only suggest the rejection of those 
sorts susceptible to scald for cold storage keeping. 
Twig-Blight... This disease of the apple, caused by the bacterium of pear 
blight (Bacillus amylovorus Burr.), is often very prevalent. The microbe enters 
through the blossoms, being propagated in the nectar after infection by insect 
visitation. It destroys the blossoms as well as small twigs of the tree. Beyond 
the injuries just noted this microbe may gain entrance through the bark. (See 
sun-scald). The twig injury is not very great from this cause cn the apple, 
though the small dead twigs are unsightly. The prevention will lie in the 
destruction of ali the blighted parts on apple, crabapple, pear and quince trees 
in the vicinity. For fuller discussion see pear blight. In substance, this treat- 
ment consists in cutting out all blighted portions in fall and early winter and 
burning them to kill the resting forms of the microbe. It seems further that 
well timed, early spring spray treatments on pear, etc., will cover up or destroy 
spores of the blight. (See Circular 87). 
Water Core. With the so-called Russian apples and occasionally with other 
varieties as Yellow Transparent and Early Harvest, there are water core con- 
ditions, at times, which may result in subsequent rotting. No explanation is 
here offered as to cause for the condition. 
Winter Injury (also called Sun-Scald). As previously mentioned there are a 
number of evidences of injury which involve the trunks of apple trees of ali 
sizes; they are many times due to freezing injury; while this name winter injury 
appears at the beginning of the paragraph and while the name sun-scald has 
been applied for a long time to similar conditions, the injuries are directly due 
to freezing, sometimes occuring in winter and sometimes, as in October 1906, due 
to premature low temperatures. A conspicuous case occurred in the fall and 
winter of 1906-7, more fully described in the bulletin devoted to these injuries (Bul- 
letin 192). At that time as in other cases of injury from freezing, the low tempera- 
tures accurred when the trees were gorged with water (sap). In the fall of 1906 
we had very heavy rainfall with low temperatures so that there was stimulus to 
excessive water absorption and no tendency to hasten ripening of tissues through 
water loss and reduced water content such as occur in dry autumn periods. 
The losses of young trees set one to three years, were very large in the winter 
of 1906; indeed, in some cases there was practically a total loss as on slow grow- 
ing varieties, notably the Rome Beauty in the Station plantation at Carpenter. 
In general at that time the typical late variety of the northern part of the state, 
Baldwin, and of the southern portion, Rome Beauty and the Hubbardson were 
most seriously injured. It is evident that where we have such excessive water 
supply in the inner bark and in the process of freezing, a layer of ice crystals 
