22 Sl'ORK« AND THALLIDIA, 



Notliing then remains but tlvo hyphal lilamant with its swullou oml bowot with pegs 

 tmd looking liko tv olub annod witli spikos (of, fig, 198*). 



Also ill P«n<mlliv,m, tho oouuuouest of lUl Moulds, tho sporos lu-o iitijoiiitiHl 

 ivom the sterigmata in luouilironii rows; but in tliis ctiso tl\t> orocfc li.vphu. whitih 

 boars the spores is septate and not olavate at tlie oxtrouiity, luul ioriwiuatoH in 

 forked brandies, so tliat tlie oliains of spores are grouped lilco tho hairs in a oamol's- 

 hair pencil. A species of PmhidlU%mr\, — viz. P. civmiam%m)X — is roprosontod in 

 fig. IDS'* and 198"). In the Pei-onospuvoiv, to which class belongs (.ho parasite 

 Gyatopus oandidua, celebrated for its fatal effects on cruciferous plants, iKoiulil'urm 

 rows of spores are abjointed fi-om tlie basidia witliout the intorvoiition of slorig- 

 mata. The mode of arrangement of tlie chains of sporos in this parasite ih, how- 

 ever, not quite like tliat in either Pmimllium or AapergiUiiK 



A further diversity in this kind of spore-l'oniiation by process oi' abjunotioii 

 is introduced by the presence in several i'nuiilies of plants of special onvelopos 

 surrounding the abjointed sporos. Particular cases of this are alVurdod by 

 Gasteromycetes (Puff-ball family) and Floridera (Red Seaweeds) and by that stage 

 in the development of the Rust-Fungus whidi is known by the name of Jimimm. 

 The secidia make their appearance in tlie form of structures growing out from 

 a mycelium infesting the green tissues of leaves. The basidia are formed by the 

 ends of hyphsa which stand up in dense crowds. Moniliform diains of spores 

 are abjointed from the basidia and ai-o enveloped by a sporatigium-lik© wall 

 developed from tho cells surrounding the basidia. It is not till this enveloping 

 capsule bursts that the spores are set free and can bo distributed, 



In the large Puff-Bail family (Gasteromycetes) the same process takes place; 

 but the basidia and spores are not arranged so regularly, and amongst the spoi'os 

 are to be found other hair-like, cellular structures which constitute what is termed 

 a oapillitiv/m and are of especial importance in relation to the distribution of thu 

 spores. FloridetB develop their spores within receptacles peculiar to themselves, 

 which frequently resemble urns or capsules, and might bo dosignateil sporangia 

 for the sake of terminological uniformity. The spore-fllled "sporangia" of FloridecB, 

 like those of Muscineie — and in particular of Liverworts — are to be conceived as 

 a separate generation, and, moreover, as a generation springing from cells which 

 have undergone fertilization and have thereby been converted into fruit, The 

 description of the process of fertilization must be postponed to a later section 

 of this book; we have only to notice hom that short cells are put forth n,H branches 

 from the fertilized cells, and that some of these branches abjoint clusters of spores 

 whilst tho others develop into a sheath enveloping the assoinblago of spores thus 

 produced. 



Under the name of Thallophytes aro included all such plants iw luv dosLitute of 

 vascular bundles and therefore are never developed into rm\ plant-bodies (of, vol, i. 

 pp. 690-592). It often happens that Thallopliytos form, in n/lditioii to the uni- 

 cellular brood-bodies to wliioli the name of spore must be limited, coll-iiggrogates 

 which sever themselves from the thallus and become independent, the genesis of 



