00L0U118 OK FLOWIflUH AH A MMAN8 OF ATTIUOTIN(J ANIMALH. 188 



oolourscl yoUow, white, or rod on the insido only, while tlie outor h'uIk w green. 

 Those, I'oi' example, of Oagea nro yellow on the inside only whilst tlm outside is 

 green. Whou these Howors lu-o olosed tlvoy do not strike tlio oyo; only when 

 opened in the sunlight does tlio yellow star show up IVoni the background, 'riio 

 Hiuiio thing itmy bo said of the flowers of tlio Star of Bethlehem (Ornitliogalv/m), 

 of tliu Lesser Celandine {Ranvmoul'm Fioaria), of the l^impernel (Anagallia), of 

 thu V'enus's Looking-glass (Speoularia) mul oi' mnny other plants. 



In soniu instances wlioro tlio petals liavo boon transformed into nectaries, or 

 have assumed some othoi- function, which would not easily allow of tlioir developing 

 liriglilily-ooloured surfaces, the duty of alhiring the animals is performed by tho 

 Hopals. These aivo then not green, but aro coloured white, yellow, red, blue, violet, 

 or brown, m, for instance, those of the Christmas Rose and of the white Wood 

 Anemone (HvlUborua niger, Anemone nemorosa), of tlio Qlobe-flower and Winter 

 Aconite (2VoZKw, Ercmthia), of tho Atrageno and of the Monkshood (Atragene 

 aJ^ina, Aoonitwm Fa^dlm), of the Pasque-flower and of the Marsh Cinquefoil 

 {PvXsoiitilla pmtensia, Oomwrwm palwtre). And oi' course the features noted above 

 ill the case of tho petals is repeated in these flowers — the outer side of the calyx 

 ia brifi'htly coloured in the hanging bells of the Marsh Cinquefoil, but the inner 

 Hiilo in tlio star-shaped, open flowers of the Pasque-flower. 



Nor do tlio stamens, in comparison with the corolla, calyx, or perianth, fre- 

 quently serve aw attractive organs to animals in virtue of peculiar colouring. In 

 Northern and Central Europe we notice tlie Willows — destitute of perianth-leaves 

 —rendered conspicuous from afar by their numerous, crowded stamens with red 

 or yellow anthers. In other oases tlie flowers are conspicuous in virtue of their 

 brightly-coloured stamen-fllaments — white, purple, red, or yellow — as in certain 

 Ranunonlaooivi, e.g. Aotcaa, Oimio'iffwga, and Thaliotrwm, still more in the Acacias 

 of Australia, and in the genera Qallistemon and Metroaideros belonging to the 

 Myrtaoeee, in the Japanese Boooonia, m well as in several species of JEaouhm (6.g. 

 .ft', vmorostmhya). The flower-spikes of tlie North American Pmhymndra, which 

 trail along tho ground, yet stand out Irom the dork environment because the 

 filaments are dazzling white. In several Asiatic Steppe-plants, viz. in species of 

 HMmommm (see flgs. 252^" and 252 1^), a bladdei^like appendage rises above 

 each ontlier, and in coloured sulphur-yellow, violet, bright or dork red, and tlius 

 sttiuds out brilliantly from tlie gray-green surroundings and might easily be 

 mistolcen at first sight for a petal. 



It often happens that the bracts whidi subtend and enfold the flowers rather 

 than the tlowora themselves attract attention by tlie contrast of thoir colours with 

 tho surrounding green. Numerous examples are furnished by the Cornel (e.g. 

 Qfumm jhrida and B%e(iim\ see flg. 262"), the IVryrtaooai {Gondi/Uis tulip'iifera), 

 the Umbelliferso (AstranHa, B<U^Uv>rwM, Smi/miuvi; E'ryngitmi alpinum), the 

 L)ibiate8B {N^sta reiiovdata, Salvia ^lendens), Oompositee (Girsium t^pinodssi- 

 »wm, GnaphoHwrn Lwwtopodmm, Xmunthemum ann%v,m, Oarlina aimdlr, see 

 p. 117), tlie Spurges (Euphorbia polyoJivoma, ,^'pletuh»i>, vaHvt/ata), tlie Aroids 



