THE FRUITS OF GTMNOSPERilS. 



441 



is an aril. In Podocarjjua, also, is developed a peculiar structure of the same 



kind. 



In Cycads the seeds are borne upon carpels arranged in cones, and have a 

 woody integument. In some cases they correspond in position to metamorphosed 

 lobes of a carpel (c/. fig. 208 ^- p. 74), and have the outer layer of their integument 

 developed as a succulent coat. In the Gnetaceae, the seed at maturity is inclosed 



' Cone of the Sfli-er Fir (Abies pectinata). = Bract scale and OTiiliferons scale of the same seen from the ontside (the bract 

 scale is pointed). ' Ovnlif erous scale of same seen from above, showing the two winged seeds, and the bract scale behind- 

 * longitudinal section of bract and omlilerous scales, showing a seed inserted upon the latter, s x winged seed of the 

 same. « Longitudinal section of the seed. ' Ovnlif eroos scale of the Scotch Pine (Pinug syhestrU) seen from above ; it 

 beara two ovules, s Single ovulif erons scale of Larch (Larix europosa) showing two omles on its surface and bract scale 

 (with bristle) below it > Longitudinal section of the ovnliferons scale of the Larch, i nat. size ; the other figs, enlarged. 



in a fleshy "perianth" in Ephedra: in Welwitschia cone-Kke collective fruits are 

 produced; finally, in Ghroetum leaf-structures around the seed unite to form cup- 

 like receptacles for the seeds. 



From the brief obsei-vations on the manner of fructification of Gynmosperms, it 

 will be seen that their methods are very various, and that, in aU cases, they differ 

 from those of Angiosperms. They agree in the common object of producing a 



