ANGIOSPERILE, DICOTTLEDOXES 765 



Rubiaceie, Cofleacea?, Sambucacese, and of the genus Linncca, contains one seed, 

 in most Caprifoliaeese, as in the genus Lonicera. several, and in the Cinehonacefe, 

 many seeds. The seeds of Oinchonacere are -winged (see p. 4.23, fig. 31SM. 



The Caprifoliales are distributed over all parts of the earth. The Cott'eacea? and 

 Cinehonaceas are chiefly tropical plants, -whilst the Rubiacete, Sambueace;¥. and 

 Caprifoliacere belong principally to the North Temperate Zone. The Cinchona is 

 found -wild only in the Cordilleras in South America (from 10° north lat. to 22° 

 south lat.). Tropical Africa is supposed to be the original home of the Coflee-tree 

 {Coffea Arabica). Linncea horealis, a plant named after the S-wedish botanist, 

 lannseus, is scattered over the Alps, in the lo-w-lying part of Germanj' adjoining 

 the Baltic, and in Scandinavia. Several species of the genus Galium, of the family 

 Rubiacese, belong to the flora of the extreme North and of high mountains. Fopsil 

 remains have been preserved in the deposits of the Mesozoic and Tertiary Periods. 

 The number of extant species discovered up to the present time is about 4S00. 



Alliance XLTII. — Asterales. 



Families: Valerianacece, I^ipsacece, Calycei'acece, Bi'unoniacece, Compositce. 



Annual and perennial herbs, shrubs, and trees. Foliage-leaves extremely various 

 in form but always destitute of stipules. Inflorescence a cyme or a capituhmi. 

 Flowers actinomorphic and zy gomorphic, hermaphrodite, pseudo- hermaphrodite, 

 moncedous, and dioecious. Floral-leaves diflerentiated into calyx and corolla. 

 Calyx of 2-0 sepals; the limb, -which cro-wns the inferior ovary, is in the form of 

 a pappus, bristles, scales, teeth, callosities, or membranous borders, and is destitute 

 of chlorophyll. The corolla is composed of 4-5 connate petals. The gynseceum 

 consists of 2-3 connate carpels. The ovary is inferior and contains only one devel- 

 oped loculus -with a single ovule in it (see p. 73, fig. 207 ^). The androecium consists 

 of 1-5 stamens. The filiform filaments are adnate at the base to the coroUa-tube. 

 The fruit is a unilocular, one-seeded achene. 



The plants belonging to this alKance exhibit for the most part herbaceous gro-wth. 

 but some Composite are shrubby (e.g. Baccharis), and some arboreal (e.g. Vanillos- 

 nopsis, Lychnopho-ra). Several Yalerianacese and Compositse, e.g. the DahUa 

 and Jerusalem Artichoke (Dahlia variabilis and Helianthus tuberosum), are distin- 

 guished by -underground tuberous structures. The inflorescence in Yalerianacese is a 

 much-branched cyme (see p. 305, fig. 2S9 ^). In Dipsaceae also the arrangement of 

 the flowers is cymose, but the cymes axe usually grouped together in capitula (see 

 p. 121, fig. 225 ^). In some genera, such as llorina, they are arranged in opposite 

 faseides in the same manner as in Labiatfe. The flo-wers of Composita? are situated 

 at the extremity of a thickened axis -whichi is conical, hemispherical, or flat, and 

 compressed, as the case may be; they are spirally arranged and are grouped to- 

 gether in capitula (see p. 2421 In many cases they spring from the axils of scales 

 ("palese"), or else their place of origin is surroimded by bristles. Xot infrequently 

 they spring from httle depressions, and then the axis is seen to be pitted -when the 



