ANUIO.SI'KKM/l';, DK.'ll'rVLEDONKH. 7fJ7 



iiji;. 283"); Urn ^niridm, Morvrut lunl /'V;f//Mt liiivo two HtainoriH in <';i,c,li llowcr, wliilHt 

 tho ^'(iriUH (Jisnl/iU'idhuH (Kcil Valerian) haH only oru; (hi'.i! p. 240, fiff. '2(i;i ^). lAn- a 

 (|i!H(;ri[»iioM oi' Llio polli'.n of ( Ji)ni|joHiL;<) hoo p. 99. 'I'Ik! f^yn;i:cc,iin] it] VaJitriiinacciii m 

 coinpoHoil ol' Uii'i'.o (;afp<',lH, a,nil Liiii ovary iH (H'ij^iiialiy :i-locular, hut two of tl](; 

 carpolH aro al)()i'tiv(!, and only the, tliii-d lociiluH JH completely diivclopcd. In the 

 olilicr I'aniilidH the ovary ib iinihjciihu- I'rorri tli(! lir-Ht. The ovule and the H(u;d reHult- 

 iiij^r from Jtn developm(!nt Ib jiendulouH (He(! p. 178, hn. ^/|,!), n,nd p. '240, li^-, '2(i.'i ^) in 

 DipHaeeix) luid Vaicirianaeeio, basal (Hee p. T.i, IJi^'. 207'') in Corri]ioHit;i). In moHt 

 cilHUH till! calyx riwnairiH adnate to tjie mature, rriiit and aHHUmitH the IVa-m o! a crown 

 of haii'H or hriHtleH, which in ter'm(!d a "pn,p|)im" (nee, ]>. 4152), nr cIhc cimHtitute.s a 

 raoiiihranoUH lind). In a later ciiaptiir w(i hIiiiJI deal with the Hi^niilicii.nce of thene 

 Htnii'.tiireH. Jn the DipHa.cein tJie I'rnit iH Hiu'routnliid hy a Hacca,t(! involucre called 

 an iiivohicel. 'I'lie alliance JH iliHtrihntiid over all paii.s oi' theisai'th; itw m(!mh(;rH 

 lluiiriHh lioth in the tropicH and in th(! arctic I'cffionH, and are met with on the Hi^a- 

 Hliorn and hy the Hide ol' ^'Nmier-H, in Iio^-h anil on arid j^fround, in shady woods and on 

 sandy nteppcH. Tlie j^i-i^ateHt ninrdier a,re naJ.ivcH ol' the Ncjrth Temperate Zone. In 

 tho llimalM,yaH ne-veraJ ()om]ioHil,eH occur at aji ehivation ol' 4500 mi^ti'eH. FoHsil 

 riiinaiiiH have luieii I'oiind in nmaJI qiia,ntitieH in the deponitH ol' the McHOZoic and 

 'IVi'tiary {'eriodn. 'J'lie niimher nl exijuit H[jeeieH identilied u[) to the prenent time is 

 about 10,700. 



Alliance XLVIII. — Campanales. 



FamilicH: (Imtviut'iiMhumc, /johcliiiccja, HLjilidhuxiv, Goodeniaceoi. 



Animal and pereiniia,! hei'bH with entire oxHtipulate h)lia,j^fe-leaveH ari-an^ed 

 spirally. I'Iowui'h in capitula nr racemcH, or elne solitary; actinomorphic or /-yj^'o- 

 inorpliic, hernuLphrodite or jiHeudo-lierinaphrodite. IHoral-leaves ilill'ej'entiaLed into 

 calyx and corolla,. (laJyx of one whorl ol' :{ S Hejiain, coi-olla of one whorl oi" 

 '•\ H poLals. 'J'he calyx-tube clothcH the iiil'erioi- ovary, and the calyx-limb in in 

 tlio form oi ;i-S coiiipa-raXively larj^'e, yiei^ii Hen'mentn which ei-owii the top oi the 

 oviiiy. lire ])etM,lH are joined. The jj;'yiia)ceinn is composed oi 2 5 connate ca,r])elH; 

 tliu ova^ry is inrorior and 2 5 lociila,r. The ovules are numerous, and are borne on 

 axilo placentas. The andrn'cium coiiHiHtH oi one whorl ol' ;{-.S HtameiiH, which are 

 iittudiud to the ba,s(!S ol' the petaJs. The lihuneiitH a,r(! h-i.'M; hi tho young llower 

 tlio anthers are in close contact, iorininj;- a tube surroundinj^- the style (see p. .'i(iO, 

 flgs, \\()i'^^> "). Sometimes they are connat(\ and in that caHo the tube persists evc^n 

 whim tlie llower bej^'iiis to iade. Tho pollen is a,ilhesive. The i'ruit is a capsule 

 (hoq lif.f. 340', p. 4<hS). 



All tho Campanales have la.ticiiennis tubiis runniiii,' tlirouj^h them, and in 

 Huveral s|iecies the leii.ves aaiil stems are copiously supplied witll latex. The llowers 

 iH'o actinomorphic in Oaiiii»inula,ceai, zyg-omorphic in the other ia-milies. In the 

 Stylidiaceai, tally two ol' the sljuiieiis develop pollen ca-]»a,bleoi eli'ectiiin- lertiliiiation, 

 whilst three sljunens axe abortive; in the other iamilies all tho stamens produce 



