214 FRUIT HARVESTING, STORING, MARKETING 



temperatures just above the freezing-point are maintained. 

 Fruit can thus be kept almost indefinitely, and if properly se- 

 lected and packed at the beginning of the season, will emerge 

 from the warehouse late in the winter or early spring in prac- 

 tically perfect condition. The generally recognized standards 

 of winter apples include such varieties as Baldwin, Greening, 

 Northern Spy, Spitzenburg, and Russet. Among other popu- 

 lar and good selling apples in their season may be placed 

 King, Pippin, Bellfiower, Gravenstein, Jeniton, and Winesap. 

 " The export trade in winter apples has in recent years 

 assumed such proportions as to be eminently important in the 

 final distribution of the crop, and highly encouraging, mean- 

 ing, as it does, a very liberal outlet to foreign countries. The 

 quantity of apples that can be thus shipped depends very 

 largely upon the home crop and prices, and supplies of fruit 

 abroad. When our crop is short and prices high, exports are 

 restricted; on the other hand, during a recent season the 

 United States and Canada together shipped 3,000,000 barrels 

 apples, the bulk of these going to the United Kingdom, but 

 an important part to northern Europe. One of the encoura- 

 ging features of the situation is the growing demand latterly 

 for apples, both fresh and evaporated, for Germany, Belgium, 

 France, and even Austria. Almost all the apples exported 

 are in barrels, but experiments are being made in shipping in 

 boxes; in fact, a considerable business in the latter is done 

 each year on the Pacific coast, the Oriental trade favoring 

 California, Oregon, and Washington apples packed in boxes. 

 "Among the best sellers in the foreign countries are 

 King and Newtown Pippin, although the bulk of apples sent 

 abroad comprise such standbys as Baldwin, Spy, Greening, 

 and Russet. Indiscriminate packing and shipping is a mis- 

 take too often made in exporting. It should be remembered 

 that foreign buyers demand sound fruit well selected and 

 properly packed; nothing else should be shipped abroad. 

 Ocean freights on apples, Boston or New York to Liverpool, 

 are usually 40 cents to 70 cents per barrel. Selling charges in 

 Liverpool are close to 15 cents, this including dockage, town 

 dues, insurance, advertising, sampling, and labor in handling. 



