34 BRITISH SPONGIADJI, 



1878 Halyphysema Twmmowicmi, Kent. Ann. Nat. Hist., 



ser. 5, vol. ii, p. 68, pis. iv and v. 



1879 Ealiphysema Twmanowicmi, H. B. Btady. Quart. Joum. 



Mio. Sci., N. S., vol. xix, p. 50. 



1880 'Ealiphysema Tvmamowicsm, Lankester. Quart. Joum. 



Mic. Sci., N. S., vol. xix, p. 476, p. xxii. 



Habitat. — Attached to fronds of Bhodymenia, Torbay 

 (Parfitt) ; Budleigh-Salterton (Carter); Jersey (Kent); 

 Bergen, Norway (Haeckel) ; " H. jprimordiale" Medi- 

 terrannean, Corsica (Haeckel) ; " G. dithalamium," 

 Mediterranean, Smyrna (Haeckel). 



The genus Haliphysema has been the subject of 

 much controversy of recent years, for the full under- 

 standing of which the reader is referred to the several 

 papers which are enumerated in the syonymy. It will 

 suflBce here briefly to allude to the views entertained 

 by the respective authors. 



Dr. Bowerbank described Haliphysema at first not 

 only as a sponge, but as presumably a sponge which 

 secreted its own siliceous spicula. In the second 

 volume of this work, however, after he had received 

 from me the type-specimens of H. ramulosa, he dis- 

 tinctly stated that the skeleton consists of "an incor- 

 poration of fragments of spicula of various shapes and 

 sizes and of minute grains of sand." This fact I had 

 pointed out to him in my letters. 



Mr. Carter was the first to maintain that Haliphy- 

 sema had been wrongly placed among the sponges, and 

 that it should be located among the Rhizopoda. He 

 found grounds for this opinion in the pseudo-septate 

 character of the attached base of the organism, which, 

 he argued, showed its alliance with the Foraminifera, 

 and from the fact that on cutting an individual in two 

 sarcode escaped which exhibited amoeboid motions. 



