THE OSTEOLOGY OF THE CYNOMORFHA. 399 



tlie ethmoid, and thus narrow the entrance to the olfactory 

 fossje. The basicranial axis is shorter than the cerebral cavil}', 

 but is still proportionally long. The occipital foramen lies in 

 the posterior sixth of the base of the skull, and it looks ob- 

 liquely backward and downward. The premaxillo-niaxillary 

 suture never disappears until long after the second dentition 

 as complete, and may persist throughout life. The palate is 

 long and narrow. The nasal bones are fiat, and early anchy- 

 losc into one bone. 



The scapula is relatively longer and narrower than that 

 of Man ; but the spine lies at right angles to the vertebral 

 border, and the supra-spinous is much smaller than the infra- 

 spinous fossa. 



The axis of the articular head of the humerus is not di- 

 rected upward and inward, but upward and backward ; the 

 bicipital groove hes on the inner side; and the shaft of the 

 bone is so bent that it is convex forward. In all these char- 

 acters the fore-limb shows its relation to the function of sup- 

 port. The radius exhibits modiiications which have the same 

 signification. Its proximal head is transversely elongated, 

 and lies somewhat in advance of the ulna, articulating more 

 largely with the humerus than in the higher Apes. The neck 

 of the radius (between the head and the bicipital tuberositv) 

 fits more closely to the ulna, and hence the movements of pro- 

 nation and supination are restricted. 



There are nine bones in the carpus. The pisiforme is 

 much elongated, making a sort of heel for the manus. To- 

 gether with the ouneiforme, it furnishes an articular face for 

 the ulna. The distal articular surface of the trapezium is 

 saddle-shaped, and the poUex is usually complete, though 

 short relatively to the other digits. In Colohus it is rudi- 

 mentary. 



The pelvis is long and narrovi^. The ilia are narrow bones 

 with much-excavated posterior and outer faces. Their crests 

 generally lie opposite the transverse processes of the penulti- 

 mate lumbar vertebra. The long axis of the ilium and that 

 of the anterior ramus of the pubis cut one another nearly at a 

 right angle ; while the long axis of the ilium and that of the 

 posterior ramus of the ischium lie nearly in one straight line. 

 Tlie symphysis pubis is very long, and the subpubic arch cor- 

 respondingly reduced. The posterior ends of the ischia are 

 everted, broad, and rough, for the attachment of the callous 

 pads of integument. The femur has a round ligament. The 

 tarsus has not more than one-third the length of the fcot. 



