414 THE ANATOMY OP VERTEBRATED ANIMALS. 



has half the length of the foot, and is nferly as long as the 

 second digit ; and its mobility in adduction and abduction ia 

 slight, compared with that of the hallux of the other Primates. 



Hair is more abundant upon the crown of the head ; and, 

 usually, in the axillae, the pubic region, and the front part of 

 the thorax, than elsewhere. 



In the new-born infant the whole dorso-lumbar region of 

 the spine is concave forward, and the vertebro-sacral angula* 

 tion is slight ; but, in the adult, the spinal column is concave 

 forward in the thoracic, and convex forward in the lumbar 

 region, mainly in consequence of the disposition of the elastic 

 ligaments which connect the faces and the arches of the ver- 

 tebrse. There is a stronglj'-marked vertebro-sacral angulation. 

 Normally, there are twelve dorsal, five lumbar, five sacral, and 

 four coccygeal vertebriB, and the transverse processes of the 

 last lumbar vertebra are not expanded or directly connected 

 with the ilia ; but, in these respects, variations occur. 



The spinous processes of the middle cervical vertebrae are 

 much shorter than the seventh, and are usually bifurcated. 

 The breadth of the sacrum is greater than its length. In the 

 skull, the occipital condj'les lie within the middle fifth of the 

 base, and the occipital foramen looks downward, and either a 

 little forward or but slightly backward. Neither sagittal nor 

 lambdoidal crests are developed, but the mastoid processes 

 are distinct, and generally conspicuous. The supraorbital 

 ridges are never so largely developed as in some of the Aiv 

 thropomorpha. The orbits and the jaws are relatively smaller, 

 and situated less in front of, and more below, the fore-part of 

 the brain-case. A spina nasalis anterior is almost always 

 present ; * and, in the profile view of the face, the nasal bones 

 project more beyond the level of the ascending process of the 

 maxilla than they do in any Ape. The palate is broader and 

 its contour more arched than in any of the Anthropomorpha. 

 Its posterior margin is ordinarily produced in the middle hne 

 into a spina nasalis posterior, and the palato-maxillary suture 

 is directed transversely. 



The distance between the zygomata is either less than the 

 greatest transverse diameter of the calvaria, or exceeds it but 

 little. The malar is deeper than the squamosal portion of 

 the zygoma, and the upper edge of the zygoma is but little 

 curved. 



* The only human skull in which I have heen able to find no trace of the 

 existence of the anterior nasal spine, is that of an Australian, wliich, some 

 years ago, I presented to the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. 



