THE RANGE OF VARIATION IN ANTHROPID^. 419 



through all shades of yellow and red brovvns, to olive and 

 chocolate, which may be so dark as to look black. 



The hair differs much in its character, having sometimes a 

 circular, sometimes an oval or flattened transverse section, and 

 presenting all varieties, from extreme length and straightness 

 to short, crisp wool. 



The hair on the scalp is longer than that elsewhere ; and 

 it is very often, but not always, longer in the female. Hair 

 upon the face and body is scanty in most races, and almost 

 absent, except in the eyebrows, in some ; but in others it be- 

 comes greatly developed over the lips, chin, and sides of the 

 face, on the thorax, abdomen, and pubes, in the axilte, and 

 sometimes, though more rarely, upon the rest of the body and 

 limbs. When hair is developed upon the limbs the points of 

 the hairs of the arm and forearm slope toward the elbow, and 

 those of the leg and thigh away from the knee, as in the A.n- 

 thropomorpTia. 



Enormous accumulations of fat take place upon the but- 

 tocks of the Bosjesmen, especially in the females ; and the 

 nymphse of these and some other Negroid tribes become great- 

 ly elongated. 



It appears in some of the lower races, e. g., Negroes and 

 Australians, the forearm and hand, and the foot and leg, are 

 often longer in proportion than in Europeans. From not 

 wearing shoes, the hallux is much more movable in these 

 races, and the foot is commonly employed for prehension. 



There is no proof of what is so commonly asserted, that 

 the heel is longer, in proportion to the foot in Negroes. 



The spines of the middle cervical vertebrae sometimes 

 cease, more or less completely, to be bifiu-cated in the lower 

 races. Thirteen pair of ribs are sometimes present, and occa- 

 sionally there is a sixth lumbar vertebra. There may be one 

 more sacral vertebra than the normal number ; and a modifi- 

 cation of the last lumbar, so that it resembles a sacral verte- 

 bra, and becomes connected with the ilia, seems to be more 

 common in Australians and Bushmen than in other stocks. 



In the lower races, the male pelvis is less in many of its 

 dimensions, and seems to differ more from the female, espe- 

 cially in the tendency to equality of the transverse and antero- 

 posterior diameters of the brim, and the narrowness of the in- 

 tersciatic diameter, than in the higher races. This is particu- 

 larly obvious among the Australians. The antero-posterior 

 diameter of the brim of the pelvis is occasionally greater 

 than the transverse, and this variety would seem to be com" 



