Early Spaniels and Setters 89 



from which we have the poodle of to-day and dipped in i similar manner, 

 not for fashion's sake, but for work in the water on account of the heavy 

 coat. Markham, however, is particularly severe on the cruelty of clipping 

 in winter, or of clipping all over, saying, "You shall see an ordinary Spaniell, 

 being lustily and well kept, will tyre twenty of these over shaven Curres in 

 the could water." As late as 1800 the water dogs in England were divided 

 into the Great Rough Water dog {Canis aquaticus); the Large Water Spaniel 

 {Cams inquisitor), the name given in Caius; and the Small Water Spaniel or 

 Poodle {Canis aquaticus minor). There is no need to go into the details 

 of the work of the Water-Dogge as given by Markham, at least at the present 

 time, and the description of the dog will suffice: "The Water-Dogge is a 

 creature of such generall use and so frequent in use amongst us here in 

 England, that it is needlesse to make any large description of him : the 

 rather since not any among us so simple, that he cannot say when hee seeth 

 him. This is a Water-Dogge or a dogge bred for the water; yet because in 

 this (as in other creatures) there are other Characters and Formes which 

 pretend more excellencie, and figure a greater height of vertue then others 

 doe; I will here describe as neere as I can the best proportion of the perfect 

 Water-Dogge. 



" First, for the Colour of the best Water-Dogge, allbeit some (which 

 are curious in all things) will ascribe more excellency to one colour then 

 to another, as the Blacke to be the best and hardest, the Lyverhued 

 swiftest in swimming, and the Pyed or Spotted Dogge, quickest of scent; 

 yet in truth it is nothing so, for all colours are alike, and so a dogge of any 

 of the former colours, may be excellent good Dogges, and of any, may bee 

 most notable Curres, according to their first ordering and trayning; for 

 Instruction is the liquor wherewith they are seasoned and if they be well 

 handled at the first, they will ever smell of that discression, and if they bee 

 ill handled they will ever stinke of that folly. 



"To proceede, then, your Dogge may be of any colour and yet excellent, 

 and his hair in generall would be long and curled, not loose and shagged; 

 for the first shewes hardinesse and ability to endure water, the other much 

 tendernesse and weaknesse, making his sport grievous; his head would 

 be round and curled, his ears broad and hanging, his Eye full, lively and 

 quicke, his nose very short, his Lippe Hound-like, side and rough bearded, 

 his Chappes with a full set of strong Teeth, and the generall features of his 

 whole countenance being united together would be as a Lyon like as might 



