UNDER THE APPLE-TREES 
one of my books, but I am now very certain that he 
does not — only his food-stores are thus carried. In 
the present case I measured the excavated earth and 
found it a plump bushel. 
From the point of view of modern scientific phi- 
losophy, — namely, that the needs of the organism 
beget the organ, and a change of use modifies it, — 
it is interesting to note to what novel use the chip- 
munk puts his nose in digging his den, apparently 
without changing or impairing it as an organ of 
smell. If he has been doing this through biological 
ages, using it as a kind of scoop and pusher, is it not 
remarkable that it has not undergone some modifi- 
cation that would make it better suited for these pur- 
poses? Note the shovel-footed mole, with his huge, 
muscular fore paws with which he forces his way 
through the soil and heaves it up to the surface, or 
the pig with his nose so well adapted to rooting. 
The nose of the chipmunk does not perceptibly dif- 
fer from that of the other squirrels, which do no 
underground work. Are we not forced to the con- 
clusion that the life-habits of the chipmunk have 
been much changed since the country has been so 
largely denuded of its forests, thus forcing him to 
become a dweller in the open? In the primitive 
woods, with the thick coating of leaves and of snow 
upon the ground, he would not have needed to pen- 
etrate the earth so deeply. The wood frogs go barely 
a few inches under the leaves and leaf-mould, where 
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