UNDER THE APPLE-TREES 
about startling changes, but have their cycles; they 
go their rounds over and over, and can never depart 
from them. Oxygen and hydrogen unite to form 
water, sodium and chlorine unite to form salt, but 
their formulas do not vary, and they lose nothing 
in the cycle of change; their elements can be sepa- 
rated and reunited any number of times. Not so 
with any living thing. 
Intelligence, then, seems inseparable from life. 
Wherever we see adaptation as opposed to mere 
time-induced adjustment, and purposive forms and 
movements as contrasted with mechanical and acci- 
dental forms and movements, we recognize the ac- 
tion of mind; do we not? The use of specific means 
to specific ends indicates what we have no name for 
but intelligence. It is obvious that the hairs on 
plants, the varnish on leaves, the wax on buds, the 
hooks, wings, balloons, on seeds, all have a specific 
purpose; that is, these things are true devices, and 
not merely chance combinations or fortuitous occur- 
rences. The ingenious devices of certain plants to 
insure cross-fertilization are, to me, just as much 
an evidence of what we must call mind, though of 
mind of a vastly different order from our own, as 
any model or device in our patent offices, while the 
forms of the rocks, the hills, the shore, the streams, 
the rivers, are in no sense purposive. 
If man, with all his powers and attributes, is a 
part of nature, — and the naturalist can regard him 
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