GREAT QUESTIONS IN LITTLE 
natural selection favor it or originate it before it 
began to function? Can we conceive of a blind 
tendency to variation as hitting upon such an or- 
gan as the eye, or the ear, or any other part of an 
organized body? If we grant the Darwinians the 
body to start with, how is chance variation going 
to give it an eye or an ear, or its organs of secretion, 
and the like? Could any possible number of hit- 
and-miss variations give it one of these things? 
And during their incipient stages, of what advan- 
tage are they to the organism? How did an eyeless 
organism chance to vary toward an eye? Who or 
what said “eye”? What put the organism in mind 
of it? Its needs? But would it not be very useful 
sometimes for an animal to be able to live without 
air or water? Yet they develop no organs that en- 
able them to do it. They have needs only because 
they are living, developing beings. Natural selec- 
tion can work only when there is struggle or living 
competition. It cannot create the current by which 
it profits. 
Ill. SPECULATION AND EXPERIMENT 
There are two ways of attacking a problem, the 
speculative way and the experimental way. The 
ancient observers almost invariably chose the 
former way. This is the way of children and of all 
primitive peoples, and of the larger part of man- 
kind in our own day. It is the natural way. The 
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