UNDER THE APPLE-TREES 
in a tree, upon which he sleeps, but he has no tools 
or weapons. When this ancestor used his first tool, 
—a stone to crack a bone or a nut, or a stick to 
reach a fruit or to drive off a foe,—that was the 
beginning of the great change, the great progress, 
then was the man really born. It is as a tool-user 
and weapon-user that man’s advance over all 
other animals begins. The more he used them, the 
more his intelligence was stimulated; the more 
his hand was trained, the more his brain was de- 
veloped. Each reacted upon the other. Then, 
when this creature began to shape and improve his 
tool — that was the second great step. Wood and 
bone, at first, no doubt, were the substances used 
or improved upon. Then came the shaping of 
stone implements— arrowheads, spears, and axes. 
When he discovered the use of fire and how to 
control it — what a step was that! In those two 
things — the shaping of tools and the use of fire — 
lay the germ of all his subsequent progress. All 
this time he must have been a savage wild beast, 
probably covered with hair, and subsisting upon 
roots and fruits and smaller animals. His teeth 
were for rending and his hands for seizing. He was 
probably a healthy animal, free from the diseases 
of the housed and clothed man. The nature within 
him fitted the nature without him. Instinct ruled 
him. But as his reason began to develop, and to 
cross Nature, error, or sin and disease, came. 
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