CLOSE WORK; ADVANCING. 41 



the sight of the horse by placing it along the outside of my 

 left leg. With the right hand I catch the snaffle reins close 

 to the animal's mouth and just below his chin (Fig. i), and 

 then take a few paces forward. If the horse also advances, I 

 pat him on the neck ; but if he refuses to do so, 1 touch him 

 up behind, close to ths girths with the whip. Occasionally, a 

 green horse at first refuses to advance and requires a touch 

 of the whip, which is generally sufficient. Some horses refuse 



Fig. I. — Leading a horse forward. 



to go forward, especially if we make them bend their necks, 

 in which case I replace the cutting whip by the lunging whip, 

 with which I hit the animal on the hind quarters and always 

 succeed in making him go on. 



I wish to direct my readers' special attention to this decisive 

 moment, on which contest depends our future success with 

 the horse. It is important to understand that at this moment 

 the animal pays no heed to the demands of his breaker and 

 is ignorant of the breakei's means of coercion. He has not 

 yet learned to fear punishment, and knows little about the 

 reassuring nature of pats on the neck. 



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