582 



FESTUCA 



FICUS 



FESTtrCA (an ancient name of uncertain meaning). 

 (iramine(v.. Fescue Grass. Usually cespitose, peren- 

 nial grasses of varying habit. Lvs. rather dry, harsh, 

 and usually narrow." Spikelets several, in dense or loose 

 and spreading panicles; empty glumes unequal, mostly 

 keeled ; tlowering-glumes not keeled, pointed. Spe- 

 cies about 80, in all parts of the world. They are 

 essentially permanent pasture grasses, but some are 

 useful for lawns and ornamental purposes. 



glailca, Lam. {Fesfuca ov)n(f,\'dr. (/htuca, Hack.). 

 Blue Fescue Grass. A handsome, tufted, hardy per- 

 ennial grass, with deep, silvery blue leaves resembling 

 the common Sheep's Fescue {Festiiea ovina), and by 

 most authors regarded as a variety of it. Lvs. very 

 narrow, condnplicate : panicle somewhat one-sided and 

 short: spikelets 3-8-f3d., with a short awn.— An attractive 

 plant for edgings or for contrast of foliage with deeper 

 colored plants. Often used also in hanging-baskets, 

 window-boxes and the rockery. It will grow almost any- 

 where if not too densely shaded. Propagated by divi- 

 sion of the tufts. 



amethystina. Host. {F. ov'iDa, x-ar. j>sannt}opinl". , 

 Hack.). Avery prutty grass with violet-colored culm 

 and sheaths: lvs. somewhat thin and long, blue-green: 

 panicles slightly branched, small, often violet-colored: 

 spikelets short-awned, seldom awnless. Europe. — Usi.-- 

 ful as an ornamental grass in the garden for dry, surxny 

 places. Propagated by division. 



Various Fescues are used iu pastures imJ in lawn grass mix- 

 tures. F. duriuscula, Linn. (Festuea ovina, var. duriusciila, 

 Hack.). A slender, densely tufted pereuiiiHl grass, 1-2 ft. high: 

 lvs. very ±iue, radical, closely resembling Sheep's Fescue. Pani- 

 cle open, Eu. Thrives on dry, sandy soils unfit for the growth 

 of better grasses. It possesses some value as a lawn grass, but 

 if used for this purpose should be sown thickly and unmixed 

 with other grasses. — F. heterophylla. Lam. A rather slender 

 perennial European grass, 2-4 ft. high: lvs. of two distinct 

 forms, the radical ones 3-nerved, narrow, hairj' and folded to- 

 getlier; those on the CTxlms much broader, flat, and 5-7-rilibed: 

 panicle large, open and nodding at the apex. Eu, It is an 

 excellent grass for woodland parks, where it is too shady for 

 the successful growth of other lawn grasses. 



P. B. Kennedy. 



FETTICUS. Another name for C<>rn Salad. 



FEVERBUSH. See Fr»zoin. 



FEVERFEW. Chr'/saufhmnnti PnrfhcuiKnt . 



FEVER TREE is Phu-knena jmhens. 



FEVERWORT. Triosfm ,„ . 



FIBER PLANTS are treated only incidentally in this 

 work. Division of Publications, U. S. Department of 

 Agriculture, Washington, D. C, issues free publications 

 of the Oflice of Fiber Investigations. 



FiCTJS (ancient Latin name). Urficdcpfp. The Fig, 

 the India Rul>l)er Plant, the Banyan Tree and the Creep- 

 ing Fig of conservatory walls belong to this vast and nat- 

 ural genus, which has over 000 species scattered through 

 the warmer regions of the world. Ficus has no near ally 

 iif garden value. It is a genus of trees or shrubs and 

 climbers, with milky juice. In the common Fig the lvs. 

 are deeply lobod, Ijut iu )nr)St of the other species they 

 are entire or else tin; margin is wavy or has a few teetli 

 or an occasional small lolie. The lvs. are nearly always 

 alternate, F. hispida being th(^ only species of those de- 

 scribed below which bus op]M)site lvs. The foliage in 

 Picus varies all the way from leathery to memliranous, 

 and is astonishingly variable in veniition, so that the 

 veins are very helpful in telling the species ajiart. 

 What the horticulturist calls the Fig, or fruit, is the fleshy 

 receptacle, while the fruit of the botanist is the seed in- 

 side (Fig. 817). hi the following account fruit is used 

 instead of receptacle. 



The fertilization or caprification of the Fig is one of 

 the most surprisiug, interesting and conijdicateil clia))- 

 ters in natural history, and is of great practical imjior- 

 tance. See Fiij, where the culture of F. Carica is dis- 

 cussed. 



The most important ornamental plant in the geniis is 

 tlie India Rubber Plant {F. c hi.^ fit: a }, whivh probably 



ranks amongst the 25 most popular foliage plants for 

 home use indoors. Its culture is given below at length. 

 This is one of the most important rubber-producing 

 plants. See Biibber Plants. 



The Creeping Fig {F. jnmiiJa, better known a^repens 

 or stipnlatd) , is one of the commonest and best climbers 

 for covering conservatory walls. It clings close and 

 makes a dense mat of foliage, which Is abont as dark in 

 color as the English ivy. The plant has been cult, since 

 1771, but within the last quarter century has come to be 

 recognized as the best plant there is for its special pur- 

 pose. Once in a long while it fruits in conservatories, 

 and the fruiting branches are very unlike the barren 

 ones. They stand out from the conservatory wall in- 

 stead of lying riat and close. The lvs. of the barren 

 branches are less than an inch long 

 and heart - shaped, with one side 

 longer than the other at the base 

 and a very short petiole ; the lvs. 

 of fruiting branches are 2-3 inches 

 long, elliptic-oblong, narrowed at 

 the base, and with a petiole some- 

 times half an inch long. 



Among the many wonders of the 

 genus Ficus are the epiphytal habit 

 of some, the huge spread of the 

 Banyan Tree (F. Benghalensis), 

 and the fact that some species ripen 

 their fruits under ground. Some of 

 the tallest tropical trees are mem- 

 bers of this genus, and often they 

 begin life V»y climbing upon other 

 trees. The B^icus often overtops and 

 outlives the other tree, which may 

 be seen in ever}' stage of decay, oi* 

 may have entirely disappeareil, 

 leaving the giant climber twined 

 spirally around a great hollow cyl- 

 inder. The Banyan Tree sends down 

 some of its branches (or aerial 

 roots) into the soil, these take root, 

 make new trunks, and eventually 

 produce a great forest, in which it 

 is impossible to tell the original 

 trunk. The Banyan in the botanic 

 gardens at Calcutta sprung from 

 a seed probably dropped by a passing bird into the crown 

 of a date palm a little more than a century ago. The 

 main trunk is now 42 ft. in circumference ; there are 

 232 additional trunks, many of them 8-10 ft. in circum- 

 ference, and the branches extend over an area 850 ft. 

 in circumference, forming a dense evergreen canopy 

 through which sunlight never penetrates. The Banyan 

 under which Alexander camped, and which is said to 

 have sheltered 7,000 men, now measures 2,000 ft. in 

 circumference and has 3,000 trunks. Other species 

 have the same method of propagation, but F. Benghal- 

 ensls is the most famous. 



The various species of Ficus are cultivated for fruit, 

 for ornament in greenhouses, and for shade outdoors in 

 the extreme South, as indicated in the key by a, aa, and 

 AAA. The shade trees are procurable from southern 

 Florida and southern California. 



817. Young Figs. 



Showing how they 

 arise from the axils 

 of the leaves. 



Index of names (synonyms in italic) ; 



aurea, 18. 

 australis, 7. 

 Bengh.alensis, '20. 

 (.'arica, 1. 

 elastica. 2 and 14, 

 erecta, II 

 glomerata, 11. 

 Iiispida. 10. 

 hidica, 19. 



infeetoria, 12. 

 macT'oearpa, 4. 

 macrophylla, 1.3. 

 iiiiiiiina, 8. 

 nitida, 17. 

 oppositifoiia, 10. 

 Palmeri, Ki. 

 Parcelli, 6. 



A. C'tilf. for fruit. 



pumila, 8. 

 Quercifolia, .'3. 

 radicans, 9. 

 religiosa, 21. 

 repens, 8. 

 retusa, 17. 

 nibigiiiosa,7 and 13. 

 stipulata, 8. 



I. C^rica, Linn. Figs. 817, 821, 822. Height 15-30 ft.: 

 lvs. ll-H-lobed, the lol)es more or less wavy-margined 

 or lobed, and with palmate veins, whereas nearly all 

 sj)ecies mentioned below are pinnately veined : fr. 

 single, axillary, pear-shaped. Supposed to be a native 

 of C'aria, in Asia Rlinor. Makes a fine pot-plant, and 

 fruits freely in northern conservatories. For culture, 

 see Fig. 



