GBAFTAGE 



GRAFTAGE 



GGJ 



deep in the soil. All these instances seem to be special 

 cases, or exceptions to the general rule that each part 

 maintains its individuality. Reasons for this change of 

 natiire in these cases have not been determined, and in 

 most cases such results are not to be [H'cdicted. The 

 most marked effect of stock on the cion is a dwarfing in- 

 tluence. Dwarfing may bo expected whenever the stock 

 is of a smaller stature than the cion. The most familiar 

 example is the dwarf pear, made by working the pear on 

 quince stock. Supplying a plant witli a slow-growing 

 root is only the beginning of the making of a dwarf. 

 The plant must be ke]it dwarf by sul'sc<[ucnt pruning 

 and other care. It is significant that tliere is compara- 

 tively little demand for large-growing forms of woody 

 plants, whereas there is a great denuuid for dwarf 

 forms. 



Extended experiments on plants which are not com- 

 monly grafted have thrown considerable light on tin- 

 possible mutual influences of cion and stock. The re- 

 searches of Daniel (whose latest contributitm couiyirises 

 nearly all of vol. 8 of Aim. Sci. Nat. Ser. 8, Botany, 

 1898) show that the stock may have a specific influem-c 

 i)U the cion, and that the resulting characters may l)e 

 hereditary in seedlings. These experiments, as alsi- 

 those of Viichting, have thrown much light on the physi- 

 ology of grafting and the variation induced by it, Init 

 they will not modify the practices of horticulturists nor 

 greatly change our ideas respecting the results to lie 

 obtained from accustomed operations. Experience has 



932. Shield-bud- 



me(X ^i). 



933. The bud 

 set in the ma- 

 trix (~^: ^1. 



934. The bud 

 tied. 



long since determined what general and practical re- 

 sults are to be expected from grafting. 



The limits within which grafting can succeed are to 

 be deterniined only by experiment. These limits are 

 often within the species, and usually within the genus, 

 but there are instances in which plants of distinct 

 genera intergraft with success, as in some of the 

 cacti. But generic and graftage limits are not compar- 

 able: genera are only arbitrary divisions proposed for 

 purposes of classification, and intergrafting, like inter- 

 crossing, has no necessary relation to these conception^. 

 In general, the closer the ai^uity of cion and stock, the 

 better the union. "U'lien stock of the same species can- 

 not be secxired, it is allowable to choose another species. 

 Thus it has been impossible to secure Japanese plum 

 stocks upon which to grow the varieties of Japanese 

 plums, and peach, 3Iarianna. inyrobalan and domestica 

 plum stocks have been used. In some cases another 

 species grows more readily from seed, is cheaper, is less 

 liable to fungous injury in the nursery, or has some 

 other practical advantage. Thus, most domestica plums 

 (Pru7ius dot7iestica) in the North are worked on the 

 myrobalan {P. c^ra.-iifi'nt ) ; most sweet and sour cherries 



935. Budding knife (X ^ 



Prunns Avium and P. Cerasus) are worked on tlie 

 Mahaleb (P. Mahahh); manykinds of roses are worked 

 on nianetti and i?o.s(( ynuJtiflom stocks. 



From time to time there arises an agitation against 



93G 

 Cleftgraftini:, 



937. The clcft- 

 graft waxed. 



<-t tll< 

 i-lfes.' 



work. 

 18:21,(1 



Thus, Tliouin in 

 ascribes 119 kind.^ 



• f grafting may ijc classified into 

 In the old days called 

 iiw thought of as graft- 



grafting, [larticularly in the Old World. Cases of poor 

 unions and the difficulties of sprouting from the root or 

 stock are cited as proofs tliat graftage is injurious and 

 <levitaliziiig. But these 

 are instances of poor 

 graftage. They show 

 what should not be done. 

 Properly done, on plants 

 of proper affinity, graft- 

 age is not devitalizing. 

 It is essential to modern 

 horticulture. There are 

 disadvantages, to be sure, 

 hut the advantages over- 

 halance. There are dis- 

 advantages in wearing 

 boots. There is no use in 

 arguing against things 

 w^hich are indispensable. 

 The ways or fashions 

 of gi'afting are legion. 

 There are as many ways 

 as there are ways of 

 whittling. The operator 

 may fashion the union 

 of the stock and the cion 

 to suit himself, if only 

 he apply ('and>ium to 

 cambiiiiii. nuike a close 

 joint, and ])roperly prote 

 liis "I\Iono,i,n'aphie de> 

 of grafting. All kind 

 three groups : 



1. Bud-grafting or budding 



inoeiihitiuD. 



2. Ciou-ii;rafting, or what is 



ing i>roper. 



3. Grafting by approach, sometimes called inarching. 



A word may be needed altont the terminology of graft- 

 age. As already explained, grafting is merely the ope- 

 ration of inserting a part of one plant into another; but 

 it is ordinarily restricted to grafting by means of short 

 twigs or cioiis, and InnhUnij is used to designate the 

 insertion uf single luids which are severed from the 

 hrancli on which tliey grew. Stork is tlie plant or [lart 

 on which the {grafting is done. Cioti is the part inserted 

 into tlie stock, although it is usually restricted to 

 cuttings of twigs, and does not include detached 

 t)uds. In many writings the word is spelled scion, 

 liut the other is shorter and etymologically more cor- 

 rect. AVhen the writer found it necessary to use the 

 word in print, he chose the shorter form, although 

 it is not commended by the dictionaries. It has been 

 said that riou is an anatomical term. It may be; but 

 it was originally a horticultural term. The early hor- 

 tictiltural writings used cion and cifon. Scion is later, 

 and has nothing to commend it except usage ; but 

 the usage is not uniform. The word (/raft is some- 

 times used in the sense of cion, but it would better 

 be used for the completed thing,— the new plant or 

 part made Ity the joining of cion and stock. 



Rrr>r'rx(.i. — The opuration of building consists of 

 inserting a single detached bud underneath the bark 

 of the stock. It is employed only in stocks of small 

 diameter, and preferably in those not more than one 

 year old. The operation may be performed whenever 

 the bark will peel and whenever mature buds may be 

 obtained. The bark will peel in early springand again 

 in late summer or early fall, and the operation of bud- 

 ding in the open ground is therefore performed at those 

 times. In the spring the buds are secured from twigs of 

 the previous season's growth. At the second buddintr 

 season, in late sunnner or early fall, the buds 

 are secured from growing twigs of the season. 

 At that time of the year "the buds will be suffi- 

 ciently developed to" be easily recognized and 

 handled. Budding is much employed in nurser- 

 ies. Peaches, cherries, plums, and most stone 

 fruits, are habitually budded rather than cion- 

 grafte'l. In the East apples and pears are usually budded 

 in the nursery; but in the West apples at least are usu- 

 ally root-grafted. It is practicable to insert buds in the 

 tops of young trees, rather than cions, for the purpose of 



I 



938. 

 Cleft 

 graft 

 cion. 



