670 



GRAPE 



960. Pruning to 

 spur. 



the cions be perfectly dormant. These cions are taken 

 and stored in the same way as cuttings. The grafting 

 should be done very early in the spring, before the sap 

 starts. Grafting may also be done 

 late in the spring, after all dan- 

 ger of bleeding is over : but, in 

 that case, it is more ditlic-ult to 

 keep the cions dormant, and tin- 

 growth is not likely to be so great 

 daring the first season. Vine- 

 yards which are composed of un- 

 profitable varieties may be 

 changed to new varieties very 

 readily by this means. Vinitera 

 varieties 'can als.i be grafted on 

 our coinnion pliyllexiTa-resistaut 

 stocks by the same nietboil. Al- 

 most any method of grafting can 

 be employed upon the Grape vine 

 if the work is done beneath the 

 surface. 

 Discuses. — The Grape is amen- 

 able to many insect and fungous attacks. The most 

 serious ditticulty is the phylloxera, which, however, is 

 practically unknown as an injurious pest on tlie 

 native Grapes. On the vinifera varieties it is ex- 

 ceedingly serious, and it is working great dev- 

 astation in many of the vineyards of the Olil 

 World and of tlio Pacific coast. The most practi- 

 cable means of dealing with this pest is to graft 

 the vinifera vines on native or resistant roots. 



The mililew and black rot are the most serious 

 of the fungous enemies. The mildew [Peroiio- 

 spora viticoia) is the more common form of rot 

 in the North. In the South the black rot (Lcvsta- 

 dia Bidirellli) is very ssrious. Both these dis- 

 eases cause the berries to decay. They also .at- 

 tack the leaves, jiarticularly the mildew, caus- 

 ing the leaves to fall and preventing the Grapes 

 from maturing. It is the mildew which has 

 worked such havoc in Eurepeau vineyards. The 

 mildew is most seriens cm t!iin-lea"\-ed and smooth- 

 leaved varieties, as the Delaware. It causes yel- 

 lowish patches to a[ipear on the leaves, with frost-like 

 colonies on the under sides. It causes the berries to 

 decay with a gray and finally a brown rot, the berries 

 usually remaining small and firm but not greatly 

 wrinkled. The black rot causes the berries to become 

 very hard, dry and shriveled, and the epidermis is cov- 

 ered with minute pimples (Fig. 9611). The treatment 

 for both these diseases is the same — spraying with Bor- 

 deaux mixture. In regions in whiidi the diseases have 

 not been very prevalent, it is usually sufficient to liegin 

 the spraying after the fruit has begun to set, and to 

 spray two or three times, as the case seems to require. 

 When the diseases have been ver)' prevalent, however, 

 it is better to begin before the buds swell in the spring. 



GRAPE 



clusters and on the young growth, where it makes 

 sunken, discolored areas, and where it interferes se- 

 riously with the growth of the parts. It is not so easily 

 controlled as the mildew and the black rot. Careful at- 

 tention to pruning away all the diseased wood and 

 burning it will help in controlling the disease. Before 

 growth starts, spray the vines, trellis and posts with 

 strong sulfate of copper solution. After the leaves open, 

 use the Bordeaux mixture. 



In Grape houses the powdery mildew ( Uncimda spi- 

 raUs) often does serious damage. It als<_) occurs in the 

 open vineyard, but it is usually not serious thare. It 

 appears as a very thin, dust-like covering on the leaves. 

 It sometimes attacdcs the berries, causing them to re- 

 main small or to crack. This fungus lives on the sur- 

 face, and is therefore readily controlled in Grape houses 

 by dusting with flowers of sulfur or by the fumes of 

 evaporatcMl sulfur. 



For further discussions on Grape diseases and diffi- 

 culties, the reader should consult the bulletins of the 

 experiment stations, publications of the Department of 

 Agriculture at Washington, books on economic ento- 

 mology, and Lodeman's "Spraying of Plants." 



I'arietifs. — Of the native Grapes, fully 800 varieties 



9&1. Head of a vine. 

 Showing' tlie system of taking out 



In infested vinesards. tlie foliage and diseased lierries 

 should be raked up and burned in the fall. 



The anthracnose or scab {SphanJoiim inii/n'li innn) is 

 a very serious fungous ilisease. It is inosf a|ip:ii-ent on 

 the fruit, where it makes a hard, sealiby patch. It^ 

 most serious work, however, occurs on the stems of the 



Uprigtit system of Grape training. 



t\.t the winter pruning, all the top will Vie cut away except two canes 

 near tlie center; these tw-o will lie laid down in opposite directions 

 on the liottom wire for the next season's fiaiitiiig. 



have been named and described. IMany foreign varie- 

 ties have been introduced. Yet, in any region the nuni - 

 ber of useful commercial varieties is usually less than 

 a dozen. Of the American Grapes (those aside from 

 viniferas), the Concord is the cosmopolitan variety. 

 Others of great prominence are Worden, Niagara, Ca- 

 tawba, Delaware. For the South, consult Munson's 

 article, lielow. For the Pacific viniferas, consult Wick- 

 son's account. Iteli'w. Following are notes on varieties 

 by Ralph Bush, of the old firm^of Bush & Sons, Bush- 

 berg, Mo. Tills firm was established shortly after the 

 civil war by Isidor and Ralph Bush, father and son. In 

 the early seventies the firm became Bush & Son & 

 Meissner, by the entering of G. E. Meissner. The re- 

 cent deatli of the elder Bush and Meissner has left the 

 finn in the hands of Ralph Bush & Sons. It is this 

 firm which iiublislies the Grape manual already men- 

 tioned. In that work and in Mitzky's "Native Grape," 

 great numbers of varieties are described. Mr. Bush's 

 remarks on varieties of Grapes, made for this occasion, 

 .ire as follows : 



"The planting of vineyards, both for market and ania- 

 I ur purposes, is on the increase. The inclination in 

 |ilanting tends more towards quality than to quantity: 

 that is, from the many inquiries and oi-ders, the main 

 question seems to be the adaptation of the variety to 

 the soil or the purpose. In former years the planter, 

 without question, would order so many Concord, Hart- 

 ford, Ives, Elvira, etc.. and in rare cases, one or two of 

 a better variety. Now there is no demand whatever for 

 riartford, much less f,,r Ives and Elvira, while the 

 lilanting of even the C.uie.ir,! is on the decrease. The 

 i.'enerar tendency around tlie great lakes is still to plant 

 (he Catawba, and it certainly thrives very well. In 

 many pari s of Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky and Tennessee 

 the Noali and Niagara are in great demand ; as also the 

 lielaware, Norton Virginia and Cyntliiana for wine 

 purposes. In the section south of the Ohio river, as 

 also ill the western st.ates, such kinds as Moore Early, 

 Moore Diamond, Brighton, Worden, Cottage, Niagara, 



