MANIHOT 



fine shoots, rooted under a Vjell-f^lass in sandj' peat, with 

 bottom heat. Tlie first species is grown in Florida, and 

 all are prociiralile from southern California. The culli- 

 vation of Cassava is now attracting niucli attention in 

 Florida. 



Glazidvii, MUU. Arg. Ceara Rubber Tree. Lvs. 

 long-petioled, peltate, deeply :i-5-palMiately parted, or 

 the upper entire; divisions entire, broad, ovate-lanceo- 

 late: fls. paniculate: bracts small, Brazil; e.xtensively 

 grown in Ceylon and India. — lis juice gives the Ceara 

 rubber. 



utilissima, Pohl. Cas.sava, or 

 Manioo Plant. Bitter Cas- 

 sava. Figs. 1.3(!8-U'j. Roots 

 rtcshy, cylindrical, sometimes 

 weighing as much as3hi)0unds, 

 and 3 ft. long, very poisonous : 

 stems knotty, about 3 ft. high: 

 lvs. long petioled, not peltate, 

 deeply 3-7-lobed ; lobes lanceo- 

 late, entire : bracts small, entire : 

 calyx glabrous outside, puberu- 

 ient within, yellowish, 5-parted : 

 til.araeuts glabrous ; anthers 

 short: capsule and ovary dis- 

 tinctly wiug-angled. July. Bra- 

 zil. B.ai. 3071. -Cultivated ex- 

 tensively in the tropics, where 

 the Cassava made from the 

 roots is a staple food. Tapioca 

 is made from the root-starch liy 

 drying it in pellets on heated 

 plates. The poisonous juice is 

 lu-essed out in preparation <u- 

 rendered harmless by heating. 

 palmata, var. Aipi, Mull. 

 Arg. iJI. Aipi, Pohi}. Sweet 

 Cassava. Closely related to 

 the last, tiut the root more red- 



1366. 

 The descending root. 



1367. Multiple tips of ; 

 Mangrove root-branch. 



dish colored and non-poisonous: anthers elongated; 

 capsule otdy angular above, not winged. Brazil. — Used 

 as the last, but not so extensively. 



J. B. ,^. Norton. 



The cultivation of Cassava is of the simplest descrip- 

 A piece of the stem. 2 or .3 



tion in the West Indies. ^ [uece ol mc .-.Ltnu, l> v^i .• 

 feet long, is planted in somewhat sandy ground and left 

 to its fate, with occasiou.al hoeing of weeds. In suitable 

 "ioils in the driest parts of .Jamaica, it produces enor- 



the West 

 capa- 



MAKURE 981 



bility of growing in dry, saijdy soil. It would probably 

 yield more rubber if grown in districts where irrigaticii 

 is possible. ,t- ,, 



\\ .M. FaWC'ETT. 



MANITOBA. See C.iiia.l,,. 

 MANNA, .s,.,. J ;;,„,,;, 



MANNING, EOBEET (.July IS, 1784. to Oct. In, I,sl2i, 

 was one of the most lli'irougli and ac-iirate of Amcricati 

 descriptive pomologists. In 1HL.'.3 he established Ins 

 "Pomological Garden" at Salem. :\Iass., for the purpo-e 



1368. Flowers and fruit of Manihot utilissima. Kiil;t.f{,'cd. 



of collecting and proving varieties of fruits. At the 

 time of bis death this garden contained more varieties 

 of fruits tli:in had ever heen collerted in America, fears 

 were his si)e<-ialty, hut he bad all the fruits which would 

 thrive in his climate. Tliese fruits numbered nearly 

 2,000 varieties, of which about one-balf were i)ears. 

 These varieties were gathered from all parts of tins 

 country, and also from Europe. The new pears of Van 

 Mons, the Flenii.sb sc-ienti.st and jiropounder of a theory 

 of phmt variation (see "Survival of the Unlike," Essay 

 V), were introduced largely by him. He also received 

 valuable acquisitions from Robert Tliompson, of the 

 fruit department of the London Horticultural Society. 

 In 18;!8, I\lanning puidished at Salem his "Book of 

 Fruits, being a descriptive catalogue of tbe most valu- 

 able varieties of the pear, apple, peach, phim and cherry 

 for New-En trland culture." It also contained hush -fruits, 

 grape and hardy trees and shrubs. It was published as 

 "First Series for ISIlS," whiidi indicates that its author 

 intended to issue otiier parts. All the descrijitioiis 

 were drawn from the fruits themselves. The book was 

 well il]ustr;ited. In tliis work he was assisted by John 

 ]\I. Ives; and Ives ra:ide a second edition of tbe work in 

 ls44 under the title "Book of Fruits," and a tbini in 

 bs47 as "New-England Book of Fruits.'' At this <h'iy it 

 is difficult to appreciate the work of a man like ftbm- 

 ning. In those days, varieties were all-important. The 

 scientific management of orchards had not yet arisen. 

 Varieties were confused. Manning and his compeers 

 opened tbe way for cori-ect nomenclature and systematic 

 pomology, and established tbe idea of testing varieties. 

 His decisions on nomenclature were accepted as final. 

 He was one of the founders of the ^lassachusetts Horti- 

 cultural Society. For a reference to tbe position of 

 Manning's work in our history, see tlie article Hf'rl ii iil- 

 tni-'': also Tilfon's-Tourn. Hort. 7. i>p. ir>7-S. His son. of 

 the sanienrnne, is secretary of tlie I\Iassachusetts Hr)rti- 

 cultural Society. j^. h. V,. 



MAN-OF-THE-EAKTH. If 



■ }'" 



'dn 



mens crops with little or no attention 



Ceara Rubber has not been cultivated 

 Indies to any extent, but it is like Cassava in it 



BIANUKE (from old rrencb //o/»;^'c/v'/-, to mltivate by 

 hand; Latin htouiis. band, and ojn'r", works). In tbe 

 broadest sense, IManure is any substance apjdied to tl •■ 

 soil for the purpose of increasing productivity. The ex- 

 crements of animals, mixed or unmixed with straw ur 



