22 PINACEAE. 



cylindrical column, surrounded or partly enclosed by numerous, 

 conspicuous, rotund bud-scales; ovule-bearing aments with the 

 scales much shorter than the broadly linear acutely 2-lobed 

 bracts; cones maturing the first year; scales persistent. 



Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. Red Fir. Douglas Spruce. Very 

 large tree, 50-100 m. high, 1-4 m. in diameter; bark thick, reddish within, 

 deeply cracked longitudinally; branches usually short and horizontal; leaves 

 linear, obtusish, 20-30 mm. long, narrowed at the base, dark green above, 

 paler beneath; staminate aments light brown, oblong-cylindric, 1 cm. long, 

 half enclosed in the large bracts; pistillate aments green or purplish; cones 

 pendent, cylindric-ovoid, 6-10 cm. long, the tridentate bracts conspicuously 

 exceeding the scale. 



The common forest tree of the region. Subalpine forms have the cones 

 uniformly shorter and thicker. Red fir ranges from British Columbia to 

 Mexico. It does not extend northward quite to the Alaska boundary. The 

 first knowledge of the tree was Lewis's description of it as it occurs 

 at the mouth of the Columbia River. 



31. PICEA. Spruce. 



Evergreen conical trees, with linear sharp pointed short four- 

 sided leaves, spreading in all directions, falling away from the 

 twig in drying, leaving it covered with small projections; leaf- 

 buds scaly; staminate aments axillary, nearly sessile; ovule- 

 bearing aments terminal, ovoid or oblong; ovules two on the 

 base of each scale, reflexed, ripening into two more or less winged 

 seeds; cones ovoid or oblong, obtuse, pendulous, their scales 

 numerous, spirally arranged, thin, obtuse, persistent. 



Leaves distinctly flattened ; lowland tree. P. sitchensis. 



Leaves quadrangular; subalpine tree. P. 



Picea sitchensis Carr. Sitka or Tideland Spruce. A very large tree, 50-70 

 m. tall, and 2-3 m. in diameter; bark dark gray, scaly; twigs glabrous; leaves 

 10-15 mm. long, distinctly flattened, very sharp pointed; cones oblong or oval, 

 pale brown, 3—6 cm. long, the oblong-ovate scales denticulate. 



Common along the seacoast and on low river bottoms, ranging from Kodiak 

 Island, Alaska, to Mendocino County, California. It was first found at Sitka 

 by Mertens. 



Picea engelmanni Parry. Engelmann Spruce. Handsome pyramidal tree, 

 30-40 m. tall, the bark gray and scaly; branchlets pubescent; leaves dark- 

 green, quadrangular in cross section, very sharply pointed, 1.5-2 cm. long; 

 cones cylindric-ovate, 3-6 cm. long; scales ovate, truncate, rounded or 

 retuse, crenulate. 



From the Yukon to New Mexico and Arizona, mainly in the interior but 

 occuring in the Cascade Mountains at 300-1000 m. altitude from British 

 Columbia to the southern boundary of Oregon. 



32. TSUGA. Hemlock. 



Evergreen trees with flat or angled leaves which appear 

 2-ranked; branchlets rough from persistent leaf-bases; staminate 

 aments in subglobose clusters from the axils of leaves of the pre- 



