508 Vertebrata, 



manyplies through the gi-oove of the rumen. lu Camels the stomach consists 

 of the same compartments as in most other Euminants, but the manyplies 

 is a long tuhe with low, longitudinal folds, and is not externally sepai-ated from 

 the short abomasum ; further, the abomasum is lined with cylindi-ical epithelium 

 and provided with short tubular glands* The abomasum is furnished with 

 long, well- developed glandular pits, and thus an internal distinction is made 

 between the two chambers, the mucous membrane of the latter being of a much 

 greater thickness.f In the T r a g u 1 i d se the stomach is very like that of the 

 majority of Ruminants ; but it is different in that the manyplies, though 

 clearly demarcated, is rudimentary. A transition to this condition is 

 afforded by several other small Ruminants, in which the manyplies is very short 

 and little developed. 



1. Camels (Camelidx). In contradistinction to other Ruminants the 

 last upper incisor is present and caniniform ;J the canine of the lower jaw, like 

 that of the upper, is caniniform (conical) ; the stomach is aberrant (see above) ; 

 the placenta diffuse ; § horns are absent ; there are only two digits on each 

 foot; the hoof is small and curved, the sole is large and soft (in contradistinc- 

 tion to aU other Ruminants) ; they are plantigrade. The Camel genus [Camelus) 

 includes long-legged animals with a lai-ge fatty hump on the back; dental 

 formula, ~^ ~ ^^, "'^^' ; the first premolar of both jaws is caniniform 

 and separated from its fellows by a diastema. In the Bactrian Camel 

 (C. hactrianus) of Asia, the hump is divided into two, anterior and posterior : 

 in the Dromedary (C. dromedarius), of Africa, Arabia, Persia, etc., it is 

 simple: these two essentially desert animals are only known in the tame condition 

 (except when they have run wild). The Llamas (Auchenia) are smaller, 

 without humps, and without the caniniform molar (jp') ; several species, both 

 tame and wild, occur in western South America. 



2. Giraffes ( Camelopardalis giraffa) possess two hairy, internally ossified, 

 outgrowths on the head ; very long legs, fore legs longer than the hind ; neck 

 long ; Africa. 



3. Stags {Cervidx) constitute a large group of mostly sUm, thin-legged, 

 short-tailed Ruminants; the males (and occasionally the females also) usually 

 bear antlers ; in the fully developed condition (for structm-e and development see 

 p. 471), they are naked bony processes ; at the base of each is a slightly widened 

 portion, the " buiT " (above the lower portion, the pedicle, which remains covered 

 with skin). The first antlers borne by yoimg Stags are simple, unbranohed and 

 small ; later they are larger and usually branched. The dental formula is : 

 i %, c °^ p I", m f.|| The following occur in Britain: the Roe {Cervus 

 capreolus), smaller than other European forms; the antlers of the adult with 

 rarely more than three tines: the Red Deer (C. elaphus), only in the High- 

 lands: and the Fallow Deer (C dama), a native of the countries bordering 

 the Mediterranean, whence it was introduced into Central Europe and Britain 



* Cylindrical epithelium and short glands are also present on the floor of the 

 "water cells " of the first chamber (cf. foot note f) : for the rest these portions are 

 lined with non-glandular stratified epithelium. 



t In Camels the first compartment is incompletely separated by constrictions into 

 several parts ; the sub-sections thus formed are not, however, comparable with those of 

 other Euminants. Some portions are provided with a net-work of deep folds bounding 

 small prismatic or lioney-oomb-like cavities, the so-called " water cells." 



X In the rudimentary condition i^ may also sometimes be present, whilst in the 

 milk dentition both dv' and di^ are always developed. 



§ Blood corpuscles, unlike those of aU other Mammalia, oval. 



I! A canine may or may not be present in the upper jaw (e.g., in the Red Deer). 

 The premolar which is absent is p^. 



