Glass 6. Mammalia. Order 5. JJngulata. 509 



probably several centuries ago. Remains of a large extinct form, the Irish 

 Deer (C euryceros), characterised by the colossal size of its antlers, are found 

 on the Continent and in Scotland as well as in Ireland, where this animal must 

 have lived into the Middle Ages. The Reindeer [C. tarandus), the does of 

 which are characterised by the possession of small antlers, inhabits the circum- 

 polar lands of the Northern Hemisphere, and fossil remains are found in the 

 Quartemary formations of Central Em-ope. The Moose Deer (C. alces) is 

 a clumsy long-legged animal with very spreading antlers ; its range is almost 

 coincident with that of the Reindeer, although not extending so far north ; in 

 former times it, too, was met with in Central Europe, but its distribution now 

 does not reach further west than Prussia. The Wapiti (C. canadensis) must 

 be mentioned as the New World representative of the closely allied Red Deer. 

 Piu-ther, there is the Musk Deer {Moschus moschiferus) of Asia, without 

 antlers, the males of which have very long canines projecting from the mouth, 

 and have a ventro-abdominal dermal pouch in which musk is secreted. 



4. The Tragulids (Tragididse) form a circumscribed group of small 

 Ruminants without antlers ; in external form they are very like Stags, and are ' 

 indeed, in most respects nearly allied to the Cei-vidse. They are characterised 

 chiefly by the fact that the third and fourth metatarsals and carpals fuse late 

 or not at all, and that the second and fifth are complete. The manyplies is 

 rudimentary {see above). East Indies ; Africa. 



5. The Oavicornia have two horns, which, instead of being hirsute, are 

 covered externally by a hard thick homy layer; they are ossified internally 

 (c/. p. 471). They are usually developed in both sexes, though occasionally rudi- 

 mentary or wanting in the female : i §, c ^, p f, m f ; the absent premolar is 

 the first. 



(a) Antelopes (Antilopinse) is the common term for a large number of 

 Ruminants which are for the most part cervine in appearance, though some 

 resemble Cattle. The horns are of very diverse form ; in some cases they are 

 absent from the females. Especially abundant in Africa.* 



(6) Sheep (Ovis). Snout hairy, horns transversely wrinkled, thick, 

 pointed, often much curved backwards and outwards ; a dermal invagination 

 between the two large toes (interdigital pouch) ; two mammillsB. The Domestic 

 Sheep (Ovis aries) belongs here; the ewes have rudimentary horns or none: 

 of unknown descent. Among wild species may be mentioned the Mouflon 

 (0. musimon) of Corsica and Sardinia, and the Argali (O. ammon) of Centi-al 

 Asia, besides several other Asiatic species. AU wild Sheep are moimtain 

 animals. Closely allied are the Goats (Capra) with compressed, less-curved 

 horns, and without interdigital sacs ; mountain animals. The descent of the 

 Domestic Goat (C. WrcMs) is unknown. Among wild forms may be noted : 

 the Steinbock (C ibex) of the Alps and other mountains of South Europe, 

 and the Bezoar Goat (C xgagrus) in Asia Minor, Crete, etc. The Chamois 

 (Capella rupicapra) is allied to the Goats ; it has small upright horns curved only 

 at the tips; in the Alps, Pyrenees, etc. The Musk Ox {Ovibos moschatus) is 

 also related to the Sheep ; it is a large long-haired Ruminant ; with horns re- 

 calling those of the Buffalo ; with hairy snout ; and only two mammillae ; it inhabits 

 Arctic North America and also oocui's in the Quaternary formations of Europe. 



(c) Cattle {Bovinse). Large, bulky animals, with broad naked nose ; long 

 tail, with terminal tuft ; no interdigital sacs ; often a dewlap (dependent fold of skin) 



* The Prong-buck or Prong-horned Antelope (Antilocapra am-ric'Wia) 

 is Tisually regarded as an Antelope : it is remarkable because the horns, each of which 

 in the adult possesses two tines, are thrown off and replaced annually. When the 

 horny cap is cast, bony cores are seen covered with a hairy skin, but later, a thick 

 horny layer is formed above the hair : when the horns are thrown off the hair goes 

 also. On the prairies of Western North America, 



