S36 Vertehrata. 



For the rest, Man agrees in all the chief points of structure with 

 the Catarrhinas, particularly with the Anthropomorphae. This 

 coincidence obtains in all those characters by which the 

 Catarrhines are separated from the Platyrrhines : in the 

 position of the nares, the number of premolars (the dental 

 formula of the Anthropidse is identical with that of the Catarrhinae) ; 

 the ossified external auditory meatus; the absence of a foramen 

 in the septum between the orbital and the temporal fossae; the 

 small caecum ; etc. In particular the Anthropidae agree with the 

 Anthropomorphse, especially the larger forms (Orang, 

 Chimpanzee, Gorilla), in the following points : the absence of 

 ischial callosities, cheek pouches, and tail; there is a rudimentary 

 caudal region (consisting of four or five fused vertebrae); the nails 

 are flattened ; the external incisor of the lower jaw is broader than 

 the inner ; the first lower molar has five cusps ; the thoracic cavity is 

 broad; the sternum broad and flattened; the broad pelvis of the 

 large Anthropoids approaches that of Man ; the sacrum consists 

 in both of five vertebrae. There are also numerous other points of 

 agreement. On the whole this group stands extraordinarily close to 

 the Anthropoid Apes, the differences are almost all such as may be 

 attributed to the adaptation to an upright gait ; the great development 

 of the brain; and the relative weakness of some portion of the 

 musculature, e.g., the jaw muscles. The intimate correspondence may 

 be to some extent masked by the development of subordinate parts ; 

 the skull of the Gorilla, for instance, which is more human than that 

 of any other Anthropoid, is at first sight very unlike that of Man, e.g., 

 in the presence of projecting bony ridges, which are wanting here ; 

 but the appearance of these ridges is directly correlated with the great 

 development of the jaw and neck musculature,* whilst careful and 

 detailed consideration demonstrates the closest correspondence in most 

 points. 



All Men are usually regarded as one species, Bbmo sapiens, divided into 

 a number of races. These differ, however, in some respects, quite as much, as 

 do other species of many other groups of animals. They are considered to belong 

 to one species chiefly from their perfect fertility inter se {cf. p. 36), and this 

 often renders their division into races extremely difficult, for hybridisation has 

 ocouiTed to a great extent. The more detailed study of the various races 

 constitutes, however, a special science. Ethnology, whose province must not be 

 trespassed upon here. It must, however, just be mentioned that certain races 

 come nearer to the Anthropoid Apes than others, although in no case is the 

 approximation very close. The Negro Race, for instance, is distinguished 

 by the broad flat nose ; projecting (strongly-developed) facial region ; large teeth, 

 obliqiiely set incisors ; receding chin ; long, narrow thoracic cavity ; deep nan-ow 

 pelvis ; long digits : characters which as a whole lead back to the Apes. 



* Among other nearly allied Mammalia such ridges may be present in one form, 

 absent from another (Badger, Marten). 



