194 A summer's cruise to northern LABRADOR. 



Norwegian friend lived. He heard to-day, as he re- 

 marked to us, a wolf howling, and supposed it had killed 

 a deer, as " after feeding upon one they usually begin to 

 howl." During the winter he shot fifteen deer, enough 

 for the winter's supply of fresh meat. We found here 

 fresh traces of the polar bear, an Englishman, named 

 Tom Oliver, having shot a small one last winter. 



Part of this day was spent ashore, and on the side of 

 a deep ravine we recognized an old acquaintance in a 

 low white golden-rod like a familiar White Mountain 

 species. The star-flower ( Trientalis americana), also a 

 dwarfed yarrow {Millefolium) and an Andromeda were 

 seen to-day in addition to the flowers we picked before 

 the storm ; also a dandelion-like flower. More land 

 shells (including the slug, Limax agrestis) were found 

 here than at any other point we visited; they occurred 

 under spruce bark and chips in the damp verdure : all of 

 them {Pupa hoppii. Helix fabricii, and Vitrina angelicce) 

 were Greenland shells, never before found south of that 

 arctic land, and this fact bears witness to the interesting 

 intermingling of Greenland life, animal and plant, with 

 the Canadian or boreal forms indigenous in the forest- 

 clad interior. There are in Labrador two climates, the 

 arctic on the coast, the boreal or north-temperate in the 

 interior. The Greenland and arctic forms occurring on 

 the coast are the remnants of the glacial or arctic flora 

 which were formerly spread over the entire territory of 

 British America, New England, and the northern cen- 

 tral United States during the supremacy of the ice, and 

 which were, so to speak, pushed out to sea by the migra- 

 tion northward of the temperate forms, only retaining 

 their hold on the treeless and exposed islands, and head- 



