CALIFORNIA CITRUS CULTURE. 101 
Salted Lemons. 
Inferior but sound fruit is often shiped as a salted product. The 
‘lemons are halved and placed in a salt brine for ten days and then 
‘shipped in casks, usually to Leghorn, Tuscany. This salted material 
is freshened by being placed in water, when it is ready to use for 
-candied peel. 
Candied Lemon Peel. 
Leghorn, Tuscany, is the great manufacturing center for candied 
lemon and citron peel. This is an important product, shipped to many 
parts of the world. The rind is freed from the pulp, freshened in 
water and then placed in a weak solution of sugar, which is gradually 
made stronger, and after several days it becomes saturated with the 
sugar. A slight fermentation is said to improve the product. At last 
it is boiled in a concentrated solution of sugar, after which it is dried 
and coated with crystals of sugar by slow boiling in a very strong 
solution. 
In Italy, where labor is cheap and where everything must be utilized, 
these citrus by-products are of much importance. It is necessary 
there that nothing be lost. One third of the Italian lemons are converted 
into by-products. These industries have further service, as the culls 
are disposed of and injury of the market is not caused by their sale. 
At present these by-products are of small importance in America, but 
we may hope that the inventive genius of our people may bring about 
a change in the not distant future. The U. 8. Department of Agri- 
culture is now experimenting regarding the practicability of our using 
our culls profitably in the production of citrus by-products. We all 
hope that success will crown their efforts. 
THE GOPHER. 
(Thomomys sps.) 
Citrus and other fruit trees are often partially or completely girdled 
by the pocket gopher. I have seen great havoc wrought by this destruc- 
tive rodent. The wise orchardist will be vigilant to protect against 
this destructive mammal. Traps set in their run-ways, or raisins or 
bits of tender orange twigs with strychnine inserted in a slit, placed in 
their run-ways, cause their speedy death. 
