I-IYMENOPTEEA (GALL-WASPS). 



185 



generation and a sexual spring generation. Parthenogenetic 

 reproduction then takes place in these Cynipidte. Some are 

 parasitic on Diptera and others on Aphides. Oak apples are 



Fig. 88. — CYNIPID.E. 



A, Galls of Cyniiis kollari : c, maggot ; a, hole of escape of fly ; h, gall attacked by 

 tits. D, Larva, e, Pupa. F, Imago, b, Ova of Biorhiza terminalis. (The ova are 

 from preparatious sent me by Mr Hammond.) 



formed by Gynips kollari (a) and Biorhiza terminalis. The 

 Bedeguar or mossy galls on the rose are formed by Rhoclites 

 rosce} The majority of Cynipidae are found on the oak, a few 

 on the rose and other plants. The ink galls of commerce are 

 formed by Cynipidse. Tits, especially the Blue and Great 

 Tits, peck the grubs out of these galls in great numbers. 

 ■(Fig. 88, A, h.) ' 



' According to the late Mr A.shinead, the farmers at Harrogate gather 

 these galls to make an infusion for the cure of diarrhoea in cows (Miiller, 

 Zool. S. S., p. 1206). 



