LEPIDOPTERA (moths). 195 



Prevention and Remedies. — Some good may be done in 

 gardens by hanging rook brimstone over the cabbage-beds, but 

 it cannot be said to be an infallible preventive. Where we 

 have large breadths of cabbage, hand-picking about two weeks 

 after we have observed the advent of the "Whites is best. The 

 larvae are then in compact groups, and can soon be cleared off 

 by women and boys. 



The Small White (P. rapw) and the Green-veined White 

 (P. 7iapi) (fig. 95) also feed upon cabbages and other Cruci- 

 fersB ; sometimes the Clouded Yellow {Golias edusa) may do a 

 little harm to clover. The Whites are subject to a number of 

 hymenopterous parasites, one of which is shown in fig. 95, 5. 



Moths (Heterocera). 



Moths are far more abundant in species and in numbers thaii 

 Butterflies. They do much harm to fruit, corn, root and 

 garden crops, and also to stored grain, &o. Generally their 

 bodies are heavier than the Butterflies, but some [Geometers) 

 almost resemble in form Ehopalocera. The antennae are, how- 

 ever, never clubbed ; they are either feathery, thread-like, or 

 pectinated. The larvae are often hairy, never spiny, as in 

 butterflies, at other times quite smooth ; some have wart-like 

 projections on them. The pupae may or may not be naked. 

 Some are surrounded by a thick case of silk forming a cocoon, 

 as we see in the silk-worms. Others are found in a cell of 

 earth [Agrotis). There are three types of larvte, one seen in 

 most groups, snch as the Hawk-moths, Noctuae, &c., in which 

 the larvae have six true legs in front and four pairs of fleshy 

 prolegs behind, with an anal pair posteriorly. The second type 

 is seen in the Geometers or Loopers, in which only one pair of 

 prolegs exist in the middle of the body. The third is seen in 

 the Plusiadae or Y-Moths (fig. 64, d). The five more important 

 divisions of Heterocera are — 



The 8phingina, Bombycina, Noduina, Geometrina, and Micro- 



