LBPIDOPTERA (MOTHS). 211 



find shelter and pupate ; the hands can he taken off in the 

 winter and hurnt with the cocoons in their folds. Many, how- 

 ever, change on the ground, especially if rough grass grows 

 heneath the trees ; this should all be destroyed in the winter. 

 Fowls and pigs turned into the orchards in late summer do 

 much good in lessening their numbers. Spraying with arsenate 

 of lead directly the blossom has fallen kills the larvae as they 

 enter the apple, for their first bite is arsenic that has lodged 

 in the calyx. Needless to say, cleaning off rough bark and 

 destroying it in winter is beneficial, for by so doing many 

 cocoons are destroyed. 



Another noxious Tortrix is the Pea Moth (Ghupholitha 

 pisana), whose larvae inhabit pea-pods, living partly in the peas 

 and so spoiling their market value : this small slaty-grey moth 

 is not half an inch across the wings. The female lays her eggs 

 in the quite young pea-pod before it is properly formed. 



A great number of Tortrix larvse feed on apple, pear, and 

 plum, spinning the leaves and blossom together. 



The commonest species found are Tortrix riheana, T. liexjarana, 

 and Pentliina pi'uniana. Several others also occur in great 

 numbers amongst fruit foliage. 



Tineinse are small moths, having long narrow wings with 

 long fringes of hairs (fig. 110, d). Some are very small. At 

 least one-third of our British moths belong to this group. The 

 larvae vary in regard to the number of their legs ; sixteen is the 

 usual number, but in the genera Graailaria, Lithocolletis, &c., 

 there are only fourteen, whilst in NepticMla there are eighteen ; 

 in Antispila the larvae are quite apodal. The larvae vary as 

 much in habits as in structure : some are miners, forming fine 

 tunnels in leaves ; some roll up leaves ; the Coleophoridm live 

 in peculiar cases almost like snail-shells (fig. 110, a); clothes 

 form a shelter for one group, and numberless others live in a 

 variety of ways. Amongst the injurious species we must at 

 least mention the well-known 



