LBPIDOPTEEA. (MOTHS). 213 



remain from two to three weeks. There are two broods in the 

 year in most places^the winter being passed in the pupal stage 

 on dead leaves, &c. 



Remedies. — This is an extremely difficult pest to cope with, 

 as it feeds on the under-surfaoe of the foliage. But their habit 

 of falling off the leaf when disturbed puts them to some extent 

 under our control. An ingenious plan used by a Yorkshire 

 farmer was to attach boughs to the nozzles of the " straw- 

 soniser" in front, so that the silken cords of the larv« are 

 broken, and they then fall to the ground and are reached by 

 the insecticide used. Paraffin emulsion is as good as any to 

 spray with. Where no " strawsoniser " can be got, taking the 

 "scuffler" through the roots with supple birch or broom twigs 

 attached will knock the larvffi off ; a little plough following 

 after will kill the pests as they lie on the ground. It was 

 noticed in 1891 that the caterpillars all suddenly disappeared 

 after a heavy rainstorm. Most larvae of moths are unable to 

 stand a heavy downpour. Luckily a number of Ichneumons 

 prey on this pest, and help to keep its numbers down. 



The Cherry-tree Case-bearer [Coleophora anatipenella). 



The Coleophoricle are all very small Tineinse, with greyish 

 pointed wings fringed with long hair. Their larvse live in 

 variously formed cases, by which they may very easily be 

 identified. C. anatipenella appears in July and August, and 

 lays her' ova upon the leaf of the cherry- and apple-trees. The 

 young larvae soon commence to form a case, which in this species 

 is pistol-shaped, dark -brown with a. white border 'around the 

 opening (fig. 110, a). In form it is something like a siiail-shell.' 

 The larvae live inside these cases on the leaves, and eat avi^ay 

 the tissue in the same way as the pear slug-worm./ They grow 

 slowly, and remain on the stem and boughs of the cherry-trees 

 all the winter. The case is so like the. colour of the bark that 

 they are then very difficult to. detect. The larvse pupate .in 



