DIPTEKA OR TRUE FLIES. 225 



Prevention and Remedies. — As far as possible, all infested 

 fruitlets should be destroyed, but this is not always feasible. 

 At present the most successful preventive seems to be kainit 

 spread under the trees after infestation, at the rate of half a 

 ton to the acre (Professor J. B. Smith). If the kainit is used 

 at the time the larvae are falling to the ground, 5 cwt. to the 

 acre is suflBcient. Kemoval of the soil for some two inches 

 deep and burning it in the winter would do much good where 

 possible, but it is a troublesome and risky plan, not to be 

 advised except in very local attacks. 



The Ceucipeb Midge (C. BRASsioiE). 



Another member of the same family is often injurious to 

 turnip and cabbage seed. The larvae of this midge live in the 

 seeds of turnip, rape, and cabbage, in the pods. As many as 

 sixty may often be found in one pod, which they cause to turn 

 prematurely yellow and to burst. The fly has a black head and 

 thorax, pinkish abdomen banded with dark-brown, and black 

 legs which are silvery beneath. The female has a long white 

 ovipositor, and lays her eggs in the young pods. We find the 

 larvae in May and June : they are white, often with a greenish- 

 yellow stripe down the middle. They reach one-twelfth of an 

 inch in length when mature, and fall to the ground out of the 

 split pod and there pupate, coming forth as the second brood of 

 flies in a few days hence. I have found it has three broods at 

 times. Little can be done to prevent its damage, which is often 

 severe. 



Numerous other Cecids make, their effects felt, but space for- 

 bids our even mentioning them here. 



The Bibionidse form a family of dark flies with broad bodies, 

 short legs, and the tibiae armed with thick spines. They 

 frequent damp meadows, and some of the genus Bihio appear in 

 great numbers. One species, the Fever Fly {Dilophus fehrilis), 



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