226 



DIPTKEA OR TRUE FLIES. 



sometimes occurs in hop-cones in swarms. The larvae of the 

 Bibionidae (fig. 122, b) are cylindrical or fusciform maggots which 



IrvT 



Fin, 122. — EiHlONiD.E. 

 A, Adult Bibio m 'rci ,- b, larva anil pupa of B. promoncr. 



live in earth, decaying stems of plants, and on the roots of 

 plants. They are mostly saprophytic, but some (Bibio hoiiu- 

 lanus, &c.) are injurious in their larval stage to hop roots and 

 those of many garden plants. 



Closely related to 

 these are the Simulidse 

 or Sand-flies (fig. 123), 

 "vvhich swarm in damp 

 places. The females 

 attack man, birds, and 

 animals, drawing out 

 the blood, and cause 

 great irritation. The 

 larvfe live in running 

 water. Poultry is at- 

 tacked by them in 

 South Africa and also in America, where they are also known 

 as Turkey gnats. 



Another important family in the Nematocera are the 



Tipulidse or Crane-flies, 



popularly called the Daddy-long-legs. TipulidfP can at once be 



^K^ 



Fig. ]23.— a Sand-fly {Simulimnreptans). 

 A, Ungues and pulvilli of Siinulium ; b, of Dilophus. 



