GEKVIDyE (DEEli). 475 



csBOum has no bulges or longitudinal bands. Tlie large in- 

 testine is longer than in the horse (33 to 39 feet), and holds 

 from six to seven gallons. 



Rmninant Dentition. — Another character of liuminants is the 

 dentition. There are no incisor teeth in the upper jaw, their 

 place being taken by a horny pad on the gums of that jaw 

 against which the lower incisors cut ; neither are there any 

 upper canines. Bcliind, there are six teeth, three premolars and 

 three molars. The lower jaw has six incisors and two canines, 

 which are small ; next follows a long edentulous space, and 

 then three premolars and three molars on each side. The 

 typical Euminant dental formula is as follows : — 



0—0 0—0 3—3 3—3 



i ; r ; vm ; m = 32. 



3—3 ' 1—1 3—3 ' 3—3 



Some deer iCervidce) and camels have canines above, and other 



slight differences. 



The ruminant's lungs differ from the horse's in that the left 



lobe is divided into two and the right into four. C>x, sheep, 



and goat are characterised by the distinctness of the lobules. 



Family Cbrvidte (Deer). 



The Cervifhti or deer are noted for their " antlers," which, 

 except in the reindeer, are present in the males only. The 

 antlers are branched horns, and are solid structures, not hollow 

 as the horns of cattle. They are carried on bony cores on the 

 frontal line. The antlers are cast annually, and reproiiuced 

 every year at or after the breeding or " rutting " season. At 

 first the antlers are simple, cylindrical, unbranched structures 

 covered with a hairy senisitive skin, the " velvet " ; but later 

 the vessels to this skin dry up, and the skin splits, peels off, and 

 is rubbed off by the deer against the trees and fences. The 

 horns in the second year have a side branch (tyne); in the 

 third year there are three points, then known as the " sorel " ; 

 the four-year-old, in some deer, has four points, the so-called 



