INTKODXJCTION TO CBTFTOGAMIC BOTANY. 



445 



called amphigastra, alternating with the others, making the 

 arrangement ^ of a different outline from the others, and 

 usually less. These are sometimes called stipules, hut they are 

 not the same organs as the stipules of Phsenogams. The fruit 

 is often surrounded at the base with leaves of a different form 

 from the other, sometimes passing through various modifica- 

 tions before the involucre commences. Annular threads are 

 in many genera found in the cells of the wall of the sporangia, 

 and broadly punctate cell-walls in their outer coat (Fig. 94, d). 



Fig. 94. 



a. Incubous leaves of Calypogeia Trichomanis, from above and below. 

 Moug. and Nest, No. 151. 



b. Succubous leaves of ChUoscyphus polyanthus, with amphigastrum. 

 Moug. and Nest., No. 436. 



c. Carpdbolus orhicidarii, Schwein.* Involucre, wbicb has lost- its 

 sporangium ; sporangium with remains of calyptra and spores, and 

 tissue of sporangium. From Hookei-ian Herbarium. 



d. Punctate and annular tissue in the walls of the sporangium of 

 MeUgeria furcata, towards the margin, with unispiral elaters and 

 spores. All more or less magnified. 



the posterior margin of the superior leaf. A contrary view is taken by 

 the authors of Synopsis Eepaticarum. 



" There is no genus of Fungi named Carpoholus ; the name of 

 Schweinitz, therefore, ought to be retained. 



