Respiratory (h-cians, 65 



placed branchiae, and then makes it serve a further turn by 

 Forcibly expelling it, when the insect is sent darting ahead. 

 Thus this curious apparatus not only furnishes oxygen, but 

 also aids in locomotion. In the pupae of insects there is little 

 or no motion, yet important organic changes are taking place 

 the worm-like, ignoble, creeping, often repulsive larva, is 

 soon to appear as the airy, beautiful, active, almost ethereal 

 imago. So oxygen, the most essential— the sine qua non — of 

 all animal food, is still needed. The beea are too wise to seal 



Alimentary Can%X 



o— Honey stomach. 6— True stomach. 



o— Urinary tubes. d— Intestine. 



the brood-cell with impervious wax, but rather add the porous 

 capping, made of wax and pollen. The pupae no less than 

 the larvae of some two-wing iiies which live in water, have 

 long tubes which reach far out for the vivifying air, and are 

 thus called rat-tailed. Even the pupa of the mosquito, await- 

 ing in its liquid home the glad time when it shall unfold its 

 tiny wings and pipe its war-note, has a similar arrangement to 

 secure the gaseous pabulum. 



The digestive apparatus of insects is very interesting, and, 

 as in our own class of animals, varies very much in length and 

 complexity, as the hosts of insects vary in their habits. As 

 in mammals and birds, the length, with some striking excep- 



