RELATION OF WATER TO THE PROTOPLASM 59 
that such cells are dependent upon water for the main- 
tenance of life. The cell-wall, though usually permeable, 
yet presents a certain obstacle to the absorption of water, 
and go even those cells which are living in streams or 
ponds usually possess a vacuole. Cells without a mem- 
brane, such as the zoospores already many times men- 
tioned, can more readily absorb water from without, and 
hence they are not vacuolated to the same extent as are 
those which possess a cell-wall; indeed, many of them 
have no vacuole. This cavity when present being always 
filled with liquid, the protoplasm of the cell has ready 
access to water, as much so, indeed, as the protoplast which 
possesses no cell-wall. The vacuole contains a store which 
is always available. 
The quantity of water which a vacuole can contain is 
very small, and as the needs of the protoplasm are some- 
what extensive, a need arises for the continual renewing of 
its supply. This is evident when we consider that the 
protoplasm draws its nutriment eventually from the water, 
and that it must return to it such waste products as it 
gives off. Its oxygen must be drawn from the same 
source, for this gas can only pass into the interior of a cell 
in solution in the liquid which enters it. In cells which are 
deep-seated the need of oxygen can only be supplied by a 
slow passage from cell to cell of the gas which has been 
dissolved by those abutting upon a free surface, or is already 
in solution in the water absorbed by the roots. Similar 
considerations apply to the elimination of the carbon 
dioxide which accompanies the respiratory processes. 
The life of a plant is consequently very intimately con- 
nected with the renewal of the water which the cells contain. 
Fresh liquid must be taken in, and that which is already 
there must be to a certain extent removed; the plant 
demands in fact a kind of circulation of water, and this 
becomes the more imperative as the mass of the plant 
increases, with the possible exception, however, of those 
massive plants whose habitat is marine. 
