NOTES. 419 



nniinals, healthy in all other respects, annually shot by hunters seems to 

 be very considerable. (Dr. Hagen.) 



Note 19, page 78. There are but few totally blind vertebrata— abso- 

 lutely deprived, that is to say, of eyes. All the species of mole have 

 rudimentary eyes, as have the Proteus and the blind-fish, as they are 

 called, of the American caves ; Amhlyopsis spelcsus, TypUlichthya 

 suHermneics, Stygicola dentatus and subterraneus (from caves in Cuba), 

 dronias mgnlabris, Stygogenes eyclojium. — or of the caves of Asia, Ailia, 

 Shilbiclithys, JBagroidea, &c. Actually eyeless fish have hitherto been 

 found only at great ocean depths, and we owe our knowledge of them 

 to the ' Challenger ' expedition. They are Saqpelidce or ZopJdvidcs. 

 What makes them especially interesting is the occurrence of the peculiar 

 organs on the head, first observei by Von Willemoes-Suhm, and subse- 

 quently accurately described by Giinther, who regards them as organs 

 of phosphorescence (see . note 22). Truly blind invertebrate animals 

 are far more iramerous. Most ento-parasites are perfectly eyeless^ 

 The number of species of blind cave-insects, which is being added to 

 every day, already amounts to hundreds. The reader who is specially 

 interested in these creatures will find a very complete review of the 

 literature of the subject in an admirable paper by Simon and Bedell in 

 the Revue Zoologique. Associated with the blind cave insects we 

 find blind spiders, Crustacea, and Myriapoda ; the blind crab of the 

 Kentucky caves has, according to Hagen {Monograph of the North Ameri- 

 earn Astaddiz), certainly only rudimentary eyes ; while other Crustacea, 

 as Giseidoiea, Stygia, Titancthes alhus, and others, seem to be totally 

 blind. In the work of Putnam and Packard on the Mammoth Cave of 

 Kentucky there is a list of these forms with excellent illustrations. 

 Various Crustaceans which are called blind are known from the caverns 

 and subterranean waters of Europe ; to these belong Nipliargns puteanus, 

 Titanethes albns, Cran^onyx, Aselltis Sieioldii, Univalves seem always 

 to have eyes, with the exception of a few which live as parasites, but a 

 JTydroUa, found living in Munich by Eougemont, and which inhabits 

 deep springs, seems to have no eyes. Wiedersheim found rudimentary 

 eyes in the Hydrobia of the Falkenstein cavern. 



The ' Challenger ' expedition also has furnished us with rich materials 

 on this subject. Willemoes-Suhm, whose premature death we must 

 deeply deplore, made us acquainted with a large number of peculiar 

 blind Crustaceans, some of which live at a depth of more than 2,000 

 fathoms ; for instance, PetaUphthalmus of various species, all the Mvn- 

 opsida, several Mysidete, several blind larvse belonging to the Zoea and 

 MegalopsU forms, Astaovs zaUucus, Aspevdcs cceca, Deidamia, &o. 

 Notices of these occur in the narratives of the voyage communicated 

 to Nature ; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ; Proc. Jt. S. ; Linn. Soc. Trans. 

 And a tolerably complete guide to the literature of the subject is to be 

 found in Slebold's supplement to Willemoes- Suhm's ChalUnger-Briefen 



