NOTES. 435 



Nilsson found an Anodonta on the sea-shore in Sweden and Norway, 



Neritina vindis in the sea, in 3-10 fathoms, and in estuaries in the 

 West Indies. 



Neritina matonia (Risso) at Nice. 



There are many brackish and salt water species among the Neritinco, 

 and several of them are highly characteristic of their habitat. I my- 

 self found not less than 16 or 17 species in the Philippines. In pure 

 salt water (3-4 per cent.) I found Neritina Mortoniana, pulcliella, and 

 panjiensis new sp., all belonging to the same group. In brackish 

 water, or in spots bathed by salt and fresh water alternately, were 

 the following : N. Mmioniana, paradoxa (new sp., cassiou'wrn ; then 

 subauriculata and four allied species; in the mangrove swamps, JV. 

 commimis, ziezno, and a few other species, and finally, in the same 

 locality, but exclusively on the trees, JV, dutia, cornea, and misuhata. 



Melanopds eostata, in the Dead Sea (Schmarda, Geog. der Tliiere, 

 i. p. 53). 



Rissog, nlvm, a ITy&rolia, in slightly salt water or in very salt water. 



Vertebrata. 



Gadcrosteus acnlcaius "1 q -.o . -^ , 



Aiigvilla fluviatilia > 



In the brackish water of the Baltic Archipelago, according to 

 Eckstrom, the following fresh- water fishes are found living ; 



Coitus ffolio. Lota vulgaris, Gasterosteus, Acerina, LvjAope7-ca, and 

 thirteen Cyprinidse. 



Eiohwald found the following fishes in the Caspian Sea : Cyprimis, 

 Esox, Perca, Lucioperoa, and Cohitis, associated with true marine species 



Clwpea, Syngnatlms, Goiius. 



If we regard the Crocodile as a typical fresh- water animal, we must 

 mention here that Orooodilus Mporedtus of the eastern hemisphere, 

 and an American species, according to Humboldt, live in the sea. Amhly- 

 rkynclins ater is also a marine reptile. 



The mammalia and birds that live in the sea can scarcely be in- 

 cluded under this head, and an enumeration of them would be super- 

 fluous, as they are very generally known. 



Note Wl,pa^e 146. All sea-snakes are viviparous. The females retire 

 to hollows in the rocks in low islands where the young are bom, and 

 they do not immediately abandon them, thoughit is not known how long 

 they remain with them. I found once on the east coast of Mindanao 

 an enormous female, apparently of Platxirus fasciatus, lying quietly 

 curled up between limestone cliffs, and among its rings and partly on 

 its body lay at least twenty young ones which already measured, as I 

 should estimate, more than two feet in length. It was by the narrowest 

 chance that in climbing over the cliffs I did not walk into this nest of 



