54 AUDUBON, THE NATURALIST 
paid on June 7, 1787. The bill is interesting as a com- 
mentary on the medical practice of an early day, as well 
as for the light, which it throws on Jean Audubon’s 
Santo Domingan career, his establishment at Les Cayes, 
and his treatment of black slaves and dependents. This 
quaint document, moreover, tends to confirm a remark 
of Baron de Wimpffen to the effect that every doctor in 
Santo Domingo grew rich at his profession, and also 
recalls what he said in regard to the household remedies 
of the period. “Every colonist,” to quote this observer 
again, “is commonly provided with a small chest of 
medicines, of which the principal are manna, salts, and 
rhubarb; the country itself produces tamarinds, and the 
leaves of the cassia tree, a slight infusion of which, with 
a little orange juice, makes as good a purge as a mixture 
more scientifically composed.” 
This physician’s chief resources are seen to have 
been ipecacuanha, purgative decoctions, including such 
as the tamarind tree provided, manna, mineral waters, 
lotions, plasters, and kino, an astringent juice derived 
from different leguminous plants, which gave a red color 
to the saliva, not to speak of “other medicines,” the na- 
ture of which is not revealed, which were liberally sup- 
plied to whites and blacks, both old and young, alike. 
It will be noticed further that the slaves of African 
birth when not named are referred to as “bossals,”’ 
though many young blacks and mulattoes are called 
“Joue”;* that a cooper, attached presumably to the 
2The word “Joue,” which occurs eleven times in this document—as 
“mulatto Joue,” “Joue mulatto,’ “negro bossal named Joue,” and “little 
negro Joue”—suggests the English equivalent “Cheek,” but no such usage 
appears to be authorized. It is evidently a proper name, and is more 
likely to prove the French rendering of a word common to one of the 
negro dialects of the island. On the other hand it might represent a 
corrupted pet name, like “joujow” or “bijou,” bestowed by the French 
creoles of Santo Domingo upon their favorite négrillons or petits négres, 
