MANUAL OF THE APIARY. 147 



tions were praised in New York and Cincinnati last season as 

 very fine and neat ; equal, if not superior, to all others. 



A. I. Root prefers sections made as are children's toy 

 blocks, the sides fastened by a sort of mortise and tennon 

 arrangement (Fig. 47). I have received from Mr. James 

 Heddon a similar section, but neater and more finished, which 

 is made in Vermont. These are too complex to be made 

 without machinery, are no better for their fancy corners — in 

 fact, they are not as strong as is desirable — and, as we cannot 

 afford to purchase our apparatus when we can as well make 

 it ourselves, I cannot recommend them for general use. 



The Phelps-Wheeler-Betsinger sections (Fig. 48) are 

 essentially the same. The top and bottom are a little more 

 narrow than the sides, and are nailed to them. The Wheeler 



Fig. 48. 



section — ^invented and patented by Mr. Geo. T. Wheeler, 

 Mexico, New York, in 1870 — are remarkable for being the 

 first (Fig. 52, E^ to be used with tin separators (Fig. 52, M). 

 Instead of making the bottoms one-quarter of an inch nar- 

 rower for a passage, Mr. Wheeler made an opening in the 

 bottom, as does Mr. Eussell. 



HOW TO PLACE SECTIONS IN POSITION. 



There are two methods, each of which is excellent, and 

 has, as it well may, earnest advocates — one by use of crates, 

 the other by frames. 



HONEY IN FRAMES. 



I prefer this method, perhaps because I have used it most. 

 These frames (Fig. 49) are made the same size as the frames 

 in the brood-chamber, except that they are made of strips two 

 inches wide, and one-fourth of an inch thick, though the bottom- 

 bar is a quarter of an inch narrower, so that when two frames 

 are side by side, there is one-fourth of an inch space between, 



