THE STUDY OF TREES IN WINTER 



ing the scars along the bare stems. The an- 

 nual growth each year is marked by a circle 

 of scars around the stem, which was left by 

 the scales of the buds when they opened 

 in the spring, and these scars mark each 

 season's growth for successive years along 

 the stem. 



T c Besides these circles of scars, there 



i-eai-scars . 



are scars on each side of the stem 

 which were left by the leaves when they fell in 

 the autumn. These leaf-scars differ distinctly 

 in various species and maybe round, narrow, tri- 

 angular, oval, heart-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped 

 according to the species of the tree. They are 

 either flat upon the stem or on a projection, they 

 are sometimes concave and again convex. They 

 may be opposite each other on the stem, as those 

 of the horsechestnut, maples, and ashes, or the 

 arrangement may be alternate, as that of hicko- 

 ries, walnuts and oaks. The places on the stem 

 where the leaf-scars appear are called nodes, and 

 the spaces between the nodes are called inter- 

 nodes. 



Occasionally stipule scars are found on the 

 stems, — inconspicuous scars left by stipules, 

 the leaf-like bodies found at the base of leaf- 

 stalks on some trees, — and sometimes we find 

 the scars of fruit stalks. 



9 



