STUDIES OF TREES IN WINTER 



Bundle-scars are the scars of the 

 Bundle-scars ,. , -, . , , „ 



httle fibres, the vascular bundles 



which fastened the leaves to the stems 

 in summer. They are found on the 

 leaf-scars and usually take their shape 

 more or less. On the large leaf-scars 

 they can be seen clearly, but on delicate 

 twisfs where the leaf-scars are small it 

 is well to use a magnifying glass. 



In our climate the buds of trees 

 are formed in the summer dur- 

 ing the season's growth. The bud at the tip 

 of the stem is called the termmal bud, the 

 buds in the axils of the leaf-scars are called 

 the axillary or latei'-al buds. Buds contain 

 complete branches in miniature which de- 

 velop in the spring into a new crop of twigs. 

 By opening a bud in winter the little leaves 

 can be seen and often a cluster of flowers, 

 packed away from the cold in marvellous warm 

 wrappings. 



As a rule the terminal bud carries on the 

 growth of the tree and the lateral buds furnish 

 the side branches. Flowers are found in both 

 terminal and lateral buds, but sometimes they 

 are enclosed in buds by themselves which 

 open before the leaves come out in the spring, 

 like those of the red maple and American elm, — 



