CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 431 



only on the lower surface, close to the epidermis of which are the two lateral 

 resin-ducts. 



1. P. Douglasii, Carr. A large tree, 150 to over 300 feet high, 6 to 

 15 feet in diameter, with very thick brown deeply fissured bark : leaves flat, 

 linear, 8 to 12 lines or more long: cones 2 to 4 inches long, subcylindrical ; 

 bracts more or less exsert and spreading or reflexed, giving a fringed ap- 

 pearance to the cones : seeds triangular, on the upper side convex and red- 

 dish brown, on the lower flat and white, 3 lines long. — Abies Douglasii, 

 Lindl. Throughout the Rocky Mountains and those of California, reaching 

 its greatest proportions in Oregon. 



4. PICS A, Link. Spruce. 



Tall pyramidal trees, with white soft tough timber : leaves spirally ar- 

 ranged around the branchlets, or somewhat 2-ranked. 



1. P. Engelmanni, Eng. A tall pyramidal tree, 60 to 100 feet high, 

 with horizontal branches ; bark thin, scaly, reddish or purplish-brown ; branchlets 

 pubescent; leaves 6 to 15 lines long: fertile aments 9 to 10 lines long, dark pur- 

 ples cone solitary, ovate-cylindric, about 2 lines long, reddish brown; scales 

 obovate-rhombic, subtruncate or emarginate, erose. — Abies Engelmanni, Parry. 

 In the mountains from New Mexico to Montana and Oregon, forming exten- 

 sive forests. 



2. P. pungens, Eng. Of strictly conical growth, with spreading 

 branches; bark thick, smooth, and gray, in older trees becoming very thick, 

 hard and ridged; branchlets smooth and shining: leaves 6 to 12 lines long, 

 more pungent : fertile aments 15 to 20 lines long, with pale shining rounded scales: 

 cones abundant, solitary or clustered, cylindrical, drooping, 2J to 5 inches long, 

 light brown ; scales oval or subrhombic, more or less elongated above, undulate 

 and refuse. — The form in the Rocky Mountains heretofore called Abies Men- 

 ziesii, which latter has a much more northwestward range and now bears the 

 name Picea Sitcltensis, Carr. Commonly called " Balsam." 



5. PINUS, Tourn., Link. Pine. 



Trees, usually not so large as in the preceding genera, nor often of such 

 pyramidal habit, with wood of the greatest value : primary leaves (only on 

 seedlings and young shoots) flat, subulate and serrulate ; the secondary in bun- 

 dles, needle-shaped, terete.semiterete, or triangular, depending on the number 

 in a bundle. 



§ 1. Scales slightly if at all thickened at the end and wholly destitute of prickle 

 or point: leaves in fives, with resin-ducts close to the epidermis, their sheaths 

 loose and deciduous : cones subterminal. — Stroeus. In ours the leaves are 

 entire or nearly so, and the cones subsessile. 



1. P. flexilis, James. A tree about 60 feet high and 3 to 5 feet thick, 

 with furrowed gray bark : leaves 1 J to 2 inches long : cones oval to subcylin- 

 dric, 3 to 5 inches long, light brown, with somewhat squarrose scales.— 

 Long's Exped. ii. 27. In the mountains from New Mexico to Montana and 

 westward. 



