186 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 
to Gulf of Mexico; E. from Neb. and Ark. to N. Eng., N. J. 
and Fla. 
Minn. valley: Forest district and probably westward; 
banks of streams and shores of lakes. 
Hers.: Sheldon 477, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; 
Sandberg 514, Cannon Falls. 
XXV. BETULACEAE. Birch Family. 
Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 272 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 403 
(1880)—Trib. I, II, Cupuliferae; Lindl., Veg. King. 251 (1846)—Coryluceae; 
Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 217 (1877)—Castaneaceae in part; Prantl, Engler and 
Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1, 39 (1887). 
Genera: 6; N. extropical regions; a few to Bengal and 
the Argentine Republic; from Himalayan and Cordilleran dis- 
tribution centers. Circumpolar in Tertiary. 
Species: 70+, living; 100+, fossil. 
CARPINUS Linn. Gen. 729 (1737) p. p. em. Scop. (1760). 
Distegocarpus Sizes. and Zucc. Fam. Nat. Jap. II, 102 (1837). 
Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 255 (part); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 405; 
Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 380; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 423 
Schenck, Palaeophyt. 421, 
: Living species: 12; Middle and 8S. Europe; C. and E. 
Asia; Atl. N. America to Mexico. Hurope, 2; Russia, 2; Japan, 
4-5; N. America, 1. 
Fossil species: 25; Tertiary of Greenland, Oregon, 
Alaska, Spitzbergen, Saghalin, Japan (Unger, Heer, Goppert, 
etc.). Quaternary, Japan and Canada ? 
Carpinus caroliniana Waut. Fl. Car. 236 (1788). 
C, betulus virginiana MARSH. Arbust. 25 (1785). 
C. americana Lam. Enc. Meth. IV, 708 (1797). 
C. virginiana Micux. f. Sylv. IIT, 56 (1813). 
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 474; Britt., Fl. N. J. 221; Mac., 
Fl. Can. I, 489; Chap., Fl So. St. 425; Upham, Fl. Minn. 127; Cov., Fl. 
Ark. 220; Engl , Nat. Pflanz. IIT, 1, 43. 
North America: N. 8.?, Q., Georgian Bay; S. to N. 
Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Iowa, Kan. and Tex. 
Minn. valley: Forest and N.W. districts; along streams 
and around lakes. 
Hers.: Sheldon 337, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; 
Oestlund 179, Minnehaha; Sandberg 502, Vasa; Herb. Wickers- 
heim 115, Lake Park, Becker Co. 
OSTRYA Scop. Fl. Carn. 414 (1760). 
Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 255 (sub Carpinus); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 
III, 406; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 381; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 
I, 43 (Prantl); Schenck, Paleeophyt. 418. 
